LITERATURE Terminology

1. LITERATURETerminology

2. What is Poetry? • A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

3. Point of View in Poetry Poet The poet is the writer of the poem. Speaker/Persona The speaker of the poem is the narrator. When the poet creates a character to be the speaker, that character is called the persona. The poet imagines what it is like to enter someone else's personality. Example: Robert Browning's My Last Duchess, the persona is the Duke of Ferrara.

4. Poetry Form Form The appearance of the words on the page Line A group of words together on one line of the poem Stanza A group of lines arranged together

5. Kinds of Stanzas Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza

6. Poetry Form Couplet A couplet is a pair of lines of verse that form a unit. Most couplets rhyme aa, but this is not a requirement. aa bb cc dd ee ff... etc. Example: I THINK that I shall never seea A poem as lovely as a tree. a

7. Poetry Form Sonnet The term sonnet is derived from the Provençal word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning little song. By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines following a strict rhyme scheme and logical structure.

8. Poetry Form Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet In its original form, the Italian sonnet was divided into an octave followed by a sestet. The octave stated a proposition and the sestet stated its solution with a clear break between the two.

9. Poetry Form Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet The octave rhymes a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a. For the sestet there were two different possibilities, c-d-e-c-d-e and c-d-c-c-d-c. In time, other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced. Typically, the ninth line created a "turn" or volta, which signaled the change in the topic or tone of the sonnet. Example: On His Blindness by John Milton

10. Poetry Form Shakespearean Sonnet The form consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet generally introduced an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic "turn". The usual rhyme scheme was a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. Example: Sonnet 116

11. Poetry Form Villanelle It is 19 lines long, but only uses two rhymes, while also repeating two lines throughout the poem. The first five stanzas are triplets, and the last stanza is a quatrain such that the rhyme scheme is as follows: "aba aba aba aba aba abaa."

12. Poetry Form Villanelle The tricky part is that the 1st and 3rd lines from the first stanza are alternately repeated such that the 1st line becomes the last line in the second stanza, and the 3rd line becomes the last line in the third stanza. The last two lines of the poem are lines 1 and 3 respectively, making a rhymed couplet. Example: Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night

13. Poetry Form Ballad A poem that tells a story similar to a folk tale or legend and often has a repeated refrain. Cinquain A cinquain has five lines. Elegy A sad and thoughtful poem lamenting the death of a person.

14. Poetry Form Epic A long, serious poem that tells the story of a heroic figure. Lyric A short poem usually written in first person point of view expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene. Does not tell a story.

15. Poetry Form Pastoral A poem that depicts rural life in a peaceful, idealized way for example of shepherds or country life. Ode A lyric poem, typically addressed to a particular person or a thing, usually of a serious or meditative nature and having an elevated style and formal stanzaic structure.

16. About Poetry Poetry utilizes a broad range of figurative language, imagery, and symbolism—all devices requiring that the reader infer an unstated meaning. We talk of the language as being "poetic" when it draws heavily on either indirect expression of ideas through imagery, symbolism, or figurative language or it draws heavily on the sound (whether rhythm or rhyme) of words. Both of these devices are more evocative than direct in their expression, catering more to the senses than to reason and intelligence.

17. Rhyme Scheme Couplet A couplet is a pair of lines of verse that form a unit. Most couplets rhyme aa, but this is not a requirement. aa bb cc dd ee ff... etc. Example: I THINK that I shall never seea A poem as lovely as a tree. a

18. Poetic Devices • Similes • Metaphors • Hyperbole • Litotes • Idioms • Personification • Allusions • Symbolism • Imagery • Diction Rhyme Rhyme Schemes Rhythm Meter Line Length Onomatopoeia Alliteration Consonance Assonance Refrain

19. Sounds in Poetry • Alliteration • Consonance • Assonance • Refrain • Euphony • Cacophony Rhyme Rhyme Scheme Rhythm Meter Free Verse Blank Verse Onomatopoeia

20. Rhyme A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words. Rhyme helps to unify a poem; it also repeats a sound that links one concept to another, thus helping to determine the structure of a poem. When two subsequent lines rhyme, it is likely that they are thematically linked, or that the next set of rhymed lines signifies a slight departure.

21. Rhyme A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words. Rhyme helps to unify a poem; it also repeats a sound that links one concept to another, thus helping to determine the structure of a poem. When two subsequent lines rhyme, it is likely that they are thematically linked, or that the next set of rhymed lines signifies a slight departure.

22. Rhyme: Types End Rhymes A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.

23. Rhyme: Types Perfect Rhymes A perfect rhyme — also called a full rhyme or true rhyme — is when the later part of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another. • The vowel sound in both words are identical. — e.g. "sky" and high“ • Both words must have the same stresses.

24. Rhyme: Types Perfect Rhymes Perfect rhymes can be classified according to the number of syllables included in the rhyme. masculine: a rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words. (rhyme, sublime) feminine: a rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words. (picky, tricky)

25. Rhyme: Types Internal Rhymes Internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme which occurs within a single line of verse. The grains beyond age, the dark veins of her mother • Dylan Thomas Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. -Edgar Allan Poe

26. Rhyme: Types Imperfect/Half Rhymes Occurs when words sound very similar but do not correspond in sound exactly. The final consonants of stressed syllables agree but the vowel sounds do not match; thus a form of consonance. frowned and friend, halland hell.

27. Rhyme: Uses Half-rhymes allow a poet a more subtle range of rhyming effects, especially when combined with other rhyming schemes, and help to avoid the sing-song chiming of full rhymes. Moreover, half-rhymes can introduce a slight note of discord (a lack of complete harmony), an effect that has been subtly exploited by many 20th-century poets

28. Rhyme Scheme A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme. Usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme. For example "A,B,A,B," indicates a four-line stanza in which the first and third lines rhyme, as do the second and fourth.

29. Rhyme Scheme • Here is an example of this rhyme scheme from To Anthea, Who May Command Him Any Thing by Robert Herrick: Bid me to weep, and I will weep A While I have eyes to see; B And having none, and yet I will keep A A heart to weep for thee. B

30. Rhythm Rhythm is a musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables. The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem. Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration, line length and refrain/repetition.

31. Rhythm: Example O CAPTAIN! my Captain! our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won; The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring: But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

32. Meter A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern. When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

33. Meter: Example The unstressed syllables are in blue and the stressed syllables in red.  ShallIcomPARE theeTOa SUMmer’s DAY? A pair of unstressed and stressed syllables makes up a unit called a foot.

34. Meter Some feet in verse and poetry have different stress patterns. For example, one type of foot consists of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one. Another type consists of a stressed one followed by an unstressed one.

35. Meter In all, there are five types of feet. Iamb (Iambic) Unstressed + Stressed 2 Syllables Trochee (Trochaic) Stressed + Unstressed 2 Syllables Spondee (Spondaic) Stressed + Stressed 2 Syllables Anapest (Anapestic) Unstressed + Unstressed + Stressed 3 Syllables Dactyl (Dactylic) Stressed + Unstressed + Unstressed 3 Syllables

36. Meter & Symbols • stressed syllables are signified by / • unstressed by u iambic: u /Eg: Hello trochaic: / uEg: Under spondiac: // Eg: Baseball anapestic: u u / Eg: Understand dactylic: / u uEg: Canopy

37. Meter & Line Length • Monometer 1 Foot • Dimeter 2 Feet • Trimeter 3 Feet • Tetrameter 4 Feet • Pentameter 5 Feet • Hexameter 6 Feet • Heptameter 7 Feet • Octameter 8 Feet The length of lines–and thus the meter–can also vary. Following are the types of meter and the line length:

38. Meter & Line Length The line contains five feet in all, as shown below. 12345ShallI..|..comPARE..|..theeTO..|..aSUM..|..mer’s DAY? A foot containing an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (as above) is called an iamb. Because there are five feet in the line, all iambic, the meter of the line is iambic pentameter.

39. Free Verse Poetry Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry.

40. Blank Verse Poetry • Is any verse comprised of unrhymed lines all in the same meter, usually iambic pentameter. You stars that reign'd at my nativity, Whose influence hath allotted death and hell, Now draw up Faustus like a foggy mist Into entrails of yon labouring clouds, That when they vomit forth into the air, My limbs may issue from their smoky mouths, So that my soul may but ascend to Heaven. - (Doctor Faustus)

41. Onomatopoeia Is a word that imitates or suggests the source of the sound that it describes. Example: Onomatopoeia by Eve Merriam

42. Alliteration • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words Tyger, tyger burning bright, In the forest of the night; What immortal hand or eye Could name thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare seize the fire?

43. Consonance Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds within words. Consonance is very similar to alliteration, but the distinction between the two lies in the placement of the sounds. If the repeated sound is at the start of the words, it is alliteration. If it is anywhere else, it is consonance. In most cases, consonance refers to the end sound Example

44. Assonance Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. Like alliteration, it is the sound rather than the letter used that is important. (Often creates near rhyme.) Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound.) Example “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare

45. Refrain • A refrain is a repeated part of a poem, particularly when it comes either at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas. There lived a lady by the North Sea shore, Lay the bent to the bonny broom Two daughters were the babes she bore. Fa la la la la la la la la. As one grew bright as is the sun, Lay the bent to the bonny broom So coal black grew the other one. Fa la la la la la la la.

46. Euphony • When the sounds of words in a line create an effect that is pleasing to the ear. • Euphony is refers to pleasant spoken sound that is created by smooth consonants such as "ripple'. Example: To Autumn - by John Keats Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

47. Cacophony • A cacophony is a mix of harsh, displeasing, hissing or clashing sounds. Sometimes cacophony is accidental, and sometimes it is used intentionally for artistic effect. Example: Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.

48. Figurative Language • When language is used this way, it is not intended to be interpreted literally or directly as the meaning is not equivalent to that of its component words. • In our daily life, we use phrases such as “once in a blue moon” and “15 minutes of fame” which are not to be understood literally, although the actual meanings are derived from what is described.

49. Figurative Language • Similes • Metaphors • Extended Metaphors • Hyperbole • Litotes • Idioms • Personification

50. Simile Implied similarity between two things or people being compared, using ‘like’ or ‘as’. A Red, Red Rose - Robert Burns O My Luve's like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June; O My Luve's like the melodie That's sweetly played in tune.