For the next 8 info slides you had students take 15-20 facts on Lincoln assasination

1. For the next 8 info slides you had students take 15-20 facts on Lincoln assasination

3. Events Surrounding Death of Lincoln • Lincoln invited dozens of people to theater that night before the Harris’ accepted • Mary had a headache & wanted to cancel –she once chased Abe w/ kitchen knife (mental issues) • Normal bodyguard out of town & asked Lincoln not to attend • Lincoln’s dream before death (walking through White House w/ people crying & approached casket w/ himself inside) • Booth at Bar & man said to him: “you’ll never be the actor your father was” usually fighting words but he said: “I’ll be the most famous man in America.” • Lincoln had 80 death threats in a manila folder tagged “Assassin” • Summer 1862 unseen Assassin shot at President & hit his top hat. • Booth’s 1st appearance as actor he was booed. • Known as jumping actor • Booth waited til laughter consumed theater before entering box to kill Lincoln then most didn’t hear shot as result. • Many thought Booth jumping was part of the play • Many didn’t realize until they heard Mary screaming “stop that man”

5. Conspiracy involved at least 7 Southern sympathizers (David Herold, George Atzerodt, Mary Surratt, John Surratt, Samuel Arnold, Michael O’Laughlen & Lewis Powell) • Original plan was kidnap Lincoln & deliver him to Confederate Army to be held hostage until the North agreed to resume exchanging prisoners war • original plan was to attack his coach on way to attending a play but President changed plans & went to the National Hotel to celebrate officers from Indiana where Booth was living! • Then while picking up his mail, Booth learned Lincoln & Grant were going to attend the current play: Our American Cousin, a comedy • Booth met w/ co-conspirators & assigned Atzerodt to attack VP Johnson, Herold & Powell to kill Sec of State Seward & O’Laughlen to attack Grant’s RR car to Philadelphia (RR car was guarded & locked all night) • Goal: they would decapitate the Union enough to have Confederacy mount a resurgence

6. Contrary to Booth’s info Mrs. Grant & Mrs. Lincoln weren’t on speaking terms • Several couples invited until Major Henry Rathbone & his fiancée Clara Harris accepted • Arrived late & settled in to their box: holding hands Mary said: What will Miss Harris think of me hanging on to you so? Lincoln responded: “she won’t think anything about it” (his last words) • John Frederick Parker (Lincoln’s body guard for the evening) left his post & went to a tavern next door. Part of DC Metro Police, • Parker earlier had been caught on duty drunk, sleeping on streetcars while at work & visiting prostitutes. (all charges dismissed) • This time charged w/ dereliction of duty & conduct unbecoming of an officer. • Remained on police force until 1868 when fired for sleeping on duty. (grave has no tombstone & no images of him exist)

8. After shooting Lincoln behind the left ear & stabbing Rathbone in the arm, Booth jumped from the balcony (12 ft) • Sic sempertyrannis!” (“Thus always to tyrants!”) (VA’s state motto & what Brutus said to Caesar as he killed him) & “the South is avenged!” • Broke his leg after catching his spur on the flags. • rumors of a Confederate conspiracy swept through Washington. Some rumors suggested that Jefferson Davis and other prominent Confederate officials were in on the plot, not the case; Booth and his Union haters worked alone.

10. Atzerodt chickened out & got drunk instead of killing VP Johnson • Powell went to Sec. of State Seward’s home who was recovering from a carriage accident & gained access by convincing servants he had medicine for him. (barged in & stabbed him several times in the face & neck) 5 people injured in attack but all survived. • Sec of State Seward goes on to be Johnson’s Sec of State & purchases Alaska from Russia (586,000 sq. acres for $7.2 million) 2 cents an acre (called Seward’s Folly, Seward’s Ice Box & Polar Bear garden)

11. In trials that reeked of revenge than justice, all of the conspirators were found guilty, and four of them were executed by hanging. • Three others, including Samuel Mudd, the doctor who set Booth's broken leg, were sentenced to life imprisonment, though Mudd served only four years before being pardoned and released

13. Sec of War Edwin Stanton took over the scene across the street & kicked hysterical Mary out (she wasn’t w/ him in his dying breaths: “get that woman out of here”) • Stanton said after he died: “Now he belongs with the ages or angels” (debate over which one he said) • Congress granted Mrs. Lincoln a life pension in the amount of $3,000 a year, insultingly low margin • For Mary, the death of her son (Tad), in 1871, following the death of two of her other sons and her husband, led to an overpowering sense of grief • After Mary nearly jumped out of a window to escape a non-existent fire, her son determined that she should be institutionalized • Mary was so enraged that she attempted suicide but pharmacy realized & gave her placebo • After 3 months she escaped & lived w/ her sister

14. Yrs later 1876, gang thieves broke into Lincoln’s tomb attempting to steal the body to hide it in sand dunes in Indiana & ask $200,000 ransom for its return (one gang member squealed to secret service & rest group arrested in middle of it) (no law so just got a yr in prison) (body stealing became a new law after that w/ punishment of 10 yrs) • Show the Conspirator movie for Lincoln’s assassination (10-15 minutes) start at 5:00- (lower volume @ 8:20-23 & 9:40 Stop @ 16:40 & show hanging at end 1:47 – 1:50:53

15. Reconstruction

17. Reconstruction • Time period following Civil War lasting from 1865-1877 • Period of rebuilding & process to re-admit the defeated Confederate states to the union • Rebuilding South since 2/3 wealth destroyed & Restructuring Southern Society by granting rights to former slaves • Problem: Constitution gave no guidelines because founders never anticipated a division in the country • 4 questions: • 1. how south should be rebuilt? • 2. How should free slaves be treated? • 3. How do Southern states re-enter? • 4. Who should direct Reconstruction?

18. The Reconstruction Plans • Problem: Lincoln, Johnson & Congress all had different plans • Lincoln’s 10% Plan – announced Dec. 1863 during war (to speed up surrender) wanted to pardon all confederates except leaders. • All pardoned would swear allegiance & as soon as state had 10% signed they could send members to Congress again. • Hoped South give Blacks (4 million former slaves) rights but didn’t make it mandatory • Arkansas & Louisiana acted under Lincoln’s plan & sent reps to DC (Congress refused them)

19. Who were the key leaders during the Civil War? • How did the election of 1860 lead to the secession of southern states? • Where did the Civil War Begin? • Explain how after the Battle of Antietam Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and how many slaves did it free? Why was it really passed? • What was the turning point of the Civil War? • How did Lincoln use the Gettysburg memorial to inspire/encourage the country? • Where was Lee’s surrender? • “with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds” Explain Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan and why? • What was the different views of Congress and Lincoln about the South seceding or not and how did that lead to their plans?

20. Congress or Radical Republicans Plan • This Congress was elected during war & as result no Southerners in Union & Northerners who want South to pay (North more revengeful after Lincoln’s assassination) • Wanted to destroy power of slave holders (especially old power in Congress) • Wanted land distributed to slaves (40 acres & a mule) 4th ended here • Wanted Congress not President to control Reconstruction (didn’t trust Southern Democratic President)(why did southerner become vp?) 3rd period stopped here • Congress Plan: 50% sign allegiance & only male citizens who didn’t participate allowed to vote & hold office who is that?(Lincoln pocket-vetoed before death) (so totally up in the air who controls Reconstruction) • Unrealistic because wanted 50% to swear that they had nothing to do w/ Confederacy in any way. Why? • (If more then half state’s voters had been loyal then state wouldn’t have seceded). Hypocritical oaths! • What about the 3/5 clause scares them??

21. Different Views of How to let Southern states back into Union: • Lincoln believed Southern states never left because secession was unconstitutional (lenient plan so to save Union) (incentive for south to stop fighting) • Congress believed that the South had seceded & they were new territories seeking admission (feared hypocritical oath taking) (make it a difficult plan so to never have war again)

22. Johnson’s Plan For Reconstruction • With President Lincoln dead Andrew Johnson is sworn in.(only confederate sen. who remained loyal during Civil War)(but state’s right Democrat) • Congress is in Recess so Johnson continues Lincoln’s plan • AL, FL, GA, NC, SC would be readmitted if it swore allegiance, declared secession illegal & ratify 13th Amendment -making Emancipation Proclamation permanent! (abolishing slavery) • TX & MS refused • Failed to address needs of former slaves & supported strong state rights)(Johnson was white supremacist) • Promised to punish traitors but pardoned 13,000 (largest # pardons up to that point) • Dec. 1865 newly elected Southerners came to take their seat (58 Confederate Congressmen, 6 Confederate Cabinet, VP of Confederacy & 4 Confederate Generals) yikes! • Johnson pardoned them all upsetting Congress (Refused to seat them)

24. Black Codes • MS & SC 1st enacted & other states followed • Restricting former slave from: Carrying weapons • Serving on juries/Testifying against whites • Marrying whites • Starting own business (what does this mean economically?) • Traveling w/ out permits • Rent or lease farmland • No eye contact / off sidewalk when whites coming (what is this???) • Couldn’t go to school & had to obey curfew • Whites would use violence to keep laws obeyed (formation of KKK) (watch Birth of a Nation)(then watch real KKK founded Dec. 24, 1865) • In FL, vagrancy (wandering from place to place w/ out permanent settlement) would be fined & if couldn’t pay fine, his services were sold to the highest bidder. (attempting to re-enslave)

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26. Sec. 7. . . . No negro who is not in the military service shall be allowed to carry fire-arms, or any kind of weapons, within the parish, without the special written permission of his employers, approved and indorsed by the nearest and most convenient chief of patrol. . . . Sec. 8. . . . No negro shall sell, barter, or exchange any articles of merchandise or traffic within said parish without the special written permission of his employer, specifying the article of sale, barter or traffic. . . . Sec. 9. . . . Any negro found drunk, within the said parish shall pay a fine of five dollars, or in default thereof work five days on the public road, or suffer corporeal punishment as hereinafter provided. Sec. 11. . . . It shall be the duty of every citizen to act as a police officer for the detection of offences and the apprehension of offenders, who shall be immediately handed over to the proper captain or chief of patrol. .

27. Congress reacts to Black Codes: • Made permanent a temporary relief agency to assist former slaves (Johnson Vetoed) Congress shocked. Freedmen’s Bureau = 1866 assisted former slaves in the South by distributing clothes, food, hospitals, primary schools (40 hospitals, 4,000 schools, 74 teacher training schools) • By 1869 600,000 Blacks in schools (whites threw stones at them & teachers were harassed) • volunteers from North –carpetbaggers/ • Attempting to end Black Codes: Civil Rights Act of 1866 – gave Blacks citizenship (future 14th amend) & forbade states from passing discriminatory laws like Black Codes -Johnson Vetoed but (overridden) (most overrides in history=15 Truman & Ford had 12 & FDR had 9 Obama 1) (reverses Dred Scott Case)

28. Congress Takes Over Reconstruction • Congress refused to accept state govts. admitted under Johnson’s plan (VETO PROOF CONGRESS) • Passed 14th Amendment – all persons born in U.S. are citizens entitled to equal protection under the law. No state could deprive anyone of life, liberty, or property w/ out due process State lose % of seats for any % of Population not voting (INCORPORATION-bill rights now applies to states) • Confederate leaders barred from holding offices

29. 1866 Congressional Elections • Thaddeus Stevens head of the House (in charge of Radical Republicans) wanted to punish slave owners (wanted to be buried in Black cemetery to advocate in Death what he preached in life) • Charles Sumner (beaten w/ cane) (headed Senate) • Question of who control Reconstruction: Congress v. President –major election issue • Swing Around Circle Tour- Johnson toured (northern cities only) country to get a Congress elected that would support his plan –offended many w/ language & behavior (Congress won)(only North states in Congress) 18 days • recounting his rise from a tailor to the presidency, he compared himself to Jesus - explained that like Jesus, he liked to pardon sinners (trying to explain why he pardoned 13,000 Southerners) Compared Congress to Judas Jesus' betrayer. • Provoked by hecklers at almost every stop he let his temper take over & heckled back • In Johnstown PA his platform was placed along the RR tracks & gave way sending hundreds down into a canal 20 ft below. secret service insisted he be taken away from the scene & so he looked awful for leaving

30. Reconstruction Act of 1867 • w/ veto proof Congress • Congress refused to recognize state govt. formed under Lincoln or Johnson’s plan • Divided south into 5 military zones headed by Union Generals • Voters were only Black men or white men who didn’t participate in war • They would elect delegates to write new state constitutions • Must ratify 13th, 14th amendments & grant former slaves the vote –fear was Court or state legislatures could undo Emancipation Proclamation so amendment is more permanent • Once achieved then state could re-enter the union • 20,000 federal troops sent into South to enforce . Johnson vetoed /Congress overrode veto

31. Map it on your U.S Map

32. Review Questions • What was the biggest question & became the biggest problem about Reconstruction? • What was Lincoln’s plan? & Why was it so lenient? • Explain what started in MS & SC and spread to the rest of the Southern states that Congress was so upset about: Give two rules restricting newly freed slaves in the South: • What was the Swing around the Circle Tour? • How did Congress come to control reconstruction & Explain the Reconstruction Act of 1867: • How was Johnson interfering with Congress’ Reconstruction Plan? & what did Congress do to stop him? • Why did Johnson fire a cabinet head? & What law did he break by firing this cabinet head? • What happened to Johnson as a result of breaking this law? How did the trial in the Senate turn out? • Explain the 13th , 14th & 15th Amendments added to the Constitution during Reconstruction:

33. Johnson Impeached • Radical Republican turned to getting rid of President because he was interfering w/ Reconstruction 2 things: firing cabinet who were Radical Republicans & replacing military governors with lenient democrats • Congress passed Office of Tenure Act –forbid President from firing cabinet w/ out permission from Congress • Johnson wanted to fire 1 of Lincoln cabinet heads because not loyal to him but to Congress (spy for Congress) • Law is Unconstitutional because makes one branch answerable to another (but would take yrs to make it to Supreme Court)(violates separation of powers) • Johnson broke the law & fired sec. of War Edwin Stanton • House impeached him (brought charges up to remove him from office)for breaking the law, bad language, & disgrace • Senate had a trial & found him not guilty by one vote so he stayed in office but powerless (Congress in control) show video

34. Congress passes 15th Amendment • Radical Republicans feared South pass laws against Blacks as soon as Reconstruction over so passed: 15th Amendment • No one can be kept from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude • Republican knew once south comes back into union they might try & keep blacks from voting. (Blacks would most definitely be Republicans) (3/5th clause had to be combatted)

35. Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved to the south after the war • Name came from the bag they carried all of their belongings in • Freedmen’s bureau agents, teachers, ministers • Union soldiers who wanted to buy cheap land & start businesses (many promised land when Union couldn’t pay) • Could buy up land for 2 cents on the dollar • Took up positions in govt & took advantage & stole $ from tax payers

36. Sharecropping • Economic necessity forced many former slaves to sign labor contracts w/ planters • Plantation owners had land but no labor & no $ to pay workers • Blacks were able to work but had no land • Former plantation owners divided their land & lent each worker a few acres along w/ seeds & tools • When harvest came each worker gave a share of their crop (1/2) to the owner • That share of the crop paid the owner back for the land the worker borrowed • (no money changed hands)

39. President 1868-1876 Ulysses Grant • Ohio • Poor student, failed at father’s tanning business, • Joined military (West Point) & fought successfully in Mexican War but resigned from army when he was miserably homesick. • Tried farming & real estate & failed at both • Volunteered at start of Civil War (rose quickly because of his determination to fight) (Civil War Hero) • Elected President after Johnson’s impeachment (great popularity) President during Reconstruction • Mistake of appointing friends to cabinet positions (abused their office & betrayed his trust) • Most corrupt presidency in history • After leaving office, fell into poverty & died 1885 • 13:11 grant

40. Election of 1876 • Republican choose Rutherford B. Hayes (Gov. of OH) • Democrats choose Samuel Tilden (gov. of NY) • All southern states back in Union w/ new state constitutions & reps in Congress (white southern males voting again) • Tilden carried popular vote but one short in Electoral vote (need majority) • 20 electoral votes were disputed in FL, SC, & LO because threat of violence (kkk)kept Black Republicans away • Congress appointed Commission to investigate & decide Presidency

41. Compromise of 1877 • Deal made in Congress: • Democrats would give Republicans the Presidencyif Withdrawal of federal troops & end of Reconstruction • Rutherford B. Hayes given presidency even though less popular vote (minority president) & less electoral votes • South has home rule returned

42. Jim Crow Era : New Political Restrictions on Blacks • Literacy Tests –requirements for voting became the ability to read & write so to understand the laws (Blacks couldn’t read or write) • Poll Taxes –pay a tax to vote. Had to be paid before election day (Blacks wouldn’t get reminders or locations of where to send $ but whites would) Blacks who remembered couldn’t find officials to take their $. • Grandfather Clause – Problem for Southern Democrats because kept poor whites away so clause said if you fail literacy test & can’t pay tax but your grandfather voted then you can vote. Why would this keep Blacks from voting??

43. The End of the Civil War: the Cowboy, the Homestead Act and the Transcontinental RR

44. Chapter 4 S.1 Miners, Ranchers & Cowboys • The Birth of Modern America 1865-1901 • Following the turmoil of the Civil War and Reconstruction, the U.S. began its transformation from a rural nation to an industrial, urban nation linked together by RR • Much of the west still unsettled until gold discovered (but only far West) • Demand for minerals increased greatly as industrialization took hold

45. AFTER the CIVIL WAR: Ranching & Cattle Drives • While many headed to the Rocky Mts to mine gold & silver others began herding cattle on the Great Plains • Americans long believed it impossible to raise cattle in this region (Great Plains) because of lack of water • However the cattle from the east had mixed w/ wild Spanish cattle during Civil War (when abandoned farms for war) • Result was the Texas Longhorn –easily survive harsh climate of the Plains • By 1865 5 million roamed TX grasslands (great food source) just need to get it to markets in East

46. Meat Packing Industry begins • After Civil War demand for beef in east skyrocketed because new immigrants flooding into country • Local butchers couldn’t keep up w/ demand (cattle out west worth $5 back east worth $125) • 1854 2 ranchers drove cattle 700 miles to Indiana & loaded live stock on cars bound for NY City. When cattle unloaded caused stampede in City (panic on 3rd street) • So meat packing plants near RR would slaughter cattle & package to send East • Invention of refrigerated RR cars (necessary) • People had hard time adjusting to consuming meat they didn’t see slaughtered 1st. • (biggest meat packing city) also Green Bay, WI(Green Bay Packers)

47. Long Drive BeginCowboy’s life • Cowboys drive cattle from TX north to Train in Kans, MO, Neb, or Wyo. • 10-14 hr days on the ranch then 18 hr on the trail (2hrs at night to keep guard) • Average age 24 & as young as 15 yrs old • Owned his own saddle but horse belonged to trail boss • 55,000 worked trails from 1866-1885 (19 yrs) • 25% Black 12% Mexican • Sunrise wake up call from cook then on move til noon when stop for lunch (cattle graze & water) start again til sundown • Covered 10-20 miles day & drive lasted 3 – 4 months

48. Dangers on the Drive: • Dangers on the drive = prairie fires, quicksand, thrown off horse, charged by steer, frozen to death, rattlesnakes, pneumonia 4th stopped here • Worst fears were = • 1. stampedes (longhorns are easily scared into flight (lullaby) especially @ night while slept • 2. thunder, lightning & tornados – remove metal & thunder caused stampedes • 3. rivers – difficult to cross, lose footing & swept downstream • 4. Drought – w/ out water longhorn’s tongue swell up & turn black • 5. end of drive – w/ pay in pockets go to saloons to gamble, drink & brothels to spend all their $ • 6. Indian attacks