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Pharmacology

15. Pharmacology. Introduction. Pharmacology Drug Side effect Drug interaction Addiction Habit forming Medicines. Brand Names Capitalized Registered trademarks Bayer. Generic Names Not capitalized Unprotected Less expensive Aspirin. Drug Names. Prescriptions.

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Pharmacology

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  1. 15 Pharmacology

  2. Introduction • Pharmacology • Drug • Side effect • Drug interaction • Addiction • Habit forming • Medicines

  3. Brand Names Capitalized Registered trademarks Bayer Generic Names Not capitalized Unprotected Less expensive Aspirin Drug Names

  4. Prescriptions • Parts of a written prescription • Heading • Superscription • Body of prescription • Rx symbol • Inscription • Subscription • Closing of the prescription

  5. Reference Texts for Pharmacology • Council on Dental Therapeutics • Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

  6. Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions • a.a . of each • a.c. before meal • b.i.d. twice a day • t.i.d. three times a day • q.i.d. four times a day

  7. Latin Abbreviations and English Definitions Used for Prescriptions • q.h. every hour • q.4.h. every four hours • q.8.h. every eight hours • sig. take • p.c. after meals • p.r.n. when necessary or as needed

  8. Drug Laws • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Pure Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) • Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control (1970)

  9. Drug Enforcement • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

  10. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule I • High potential for abuse • No accepted medical use • Heroin

  11. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule II • High potential for abuse • Accepted medical use • Morphine

  12. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule III • Lower potential for abuse and medical use • Stimulants

  13. Drug Schedule for Control Act of 1970 • Schedule IV • Less potential for abuse; accepted medical use • Antianxiety drugs • Schedule V • Least potential for abuse • Over-the-counter

  14. Dental Assistants and the Law • Maintain accurate records • Phone or e-mail of prescriptions • Maintenance of controlled substances • Liaison with pharmaceutical representatives and the pharmacist

  15. Oral Topical Inhalation Sublingual Rectal Drug Administration Routes

  16. Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intradermal Transdermal Drug Administration Routes

  17. Drugs • Know signs and symptoms of individuals under the influence of drugs • Have knowledge of prescribed and illegal drugs and how drugs interact

  18. Uses No useful purpose Effects Could lead to heart disease Promotes high risk of oral and lung cancer Causes tooth staining, periodontal diseases, and halitosis Tobacco

  19. Uses No useful purpose Effects Causes heart to work harder Affects nervous system May cause or irritate ulcers Too much may be fatal Caffeine

  20. Uses No useful purpose Effects Affects judgement and coordination Slows reactions Causes cirrhosis Slows down body processes Alcohol

  21. Uses Derivative Cancer treatment to decrease nausea and regurgitation Effects Increases heart rate Causes lung tissue damage Causes reproductive system disorders Deteriorates coordination Decreases ability to think and speak clearly Marijuana

  22. Uses Causes physical and psychological dependency Medical use has been reduced Effects Heart problems Mental disorders Violent behavior Death Cocaine

  23. Narcotics • Addictive depressants used to relieve pain • Heroin • Morphine • Codeine

  24. Amphetamines • Group of stimulant drugs (uppers) • Increases heart and respiratory rates, and blood pressure • Causes loss of appetite, nervousness, and restlessness

  25. Amphetamines • Medically treats narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children.

  26. Hallucinogens • Drugs that cause people to see and hear images and sounds that do not exist • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) • Phencyclidine (PCP) • Mescaline

  27. Barbiturates • Sedative drugs that depress brain activity • Amobarbital • Pentobarbital • Secobarbital • Phenobarbital (given to dental patients with severe anxiety)

  28. Drugs Prescribed • Analgesics • Loss of pain without loss of sensation • OTC drugs: • Ibuprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen • Prescription drugs • Codeine, morphine

  29. Drugs Prescribed • Analgesics side effects • Nausea • Vomiting • Constipation • Breathing difficulties

  30. Drugs Prescribed • Tranquilizers • Produce sedative effect • Reduce tensions and anxieties

  31. Drugs Prescribed • Antibiotics • Used to treat infection • Derived from fungi and molds or are manufactured synthetically • Broad spectrum antibiotics treat a wide range of bacteria

  32. Drugs Prescribed • Antibiotics • Sometimes prescribed to prevent infection • Side effects • Nausea, diarrhea, allergic rash

  33. Drugs Prescribed • Penicillin • First group of antibiotic drugs to be discovered was penicillin • Still used to treat tonsillitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia • Penicillin V, Penicillin G benzathine, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, and Cloxacillin

  34. Drugs Prescribed • Erythromycin • Used by individuals allergic to Penicillin and children in the place of Tetracycline • Can be taken as capsule, liquid, injection, and ointment • Side effects are stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

  35. Drugs Prescribed • Antifungal Agents • Treat infections caused by fungi • Available as tablets, suspension, creams, injections, and suppositories • Side effects are skin irritation, liver, and kidney damage

  36. Drugs Prescribed • Anticholinergics • Used to reduce secretions in lungs prior to surgery • Treats abnormally slow heart rates in emergencies • Dilates eyes for exam

  37. Herbal and Alternative Medications • Consult dentist • Caution patients

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