Americans with Disabilities Act ISD 651 Assignment #6 by Pat Lombard Barbara Kimble Melissa Jones

1. Americans with Disabilities ActISD 651Assignment #6 by Pat LombardBarbara KimbleMelissa Jones

2. History:The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is the civil rights guarantee for persons with disabilities in the United States. It provides protection from discrimination for individuals on the basis of disabilities. The ADA extends civil rights protection for people in public and private sectors, transportation, public accommodations, services provided by state and local government, and telecommunication relay services.

3. Father of ADAJustin Dart, Jr., was born on August 29, 1930, into a wealthy and prominent family. His grandfather was the founder of the Walgreen Drugstore chain, his father a successful business executive, his mother a matron of the American avant garde. Dart contracted polio in 1948. Polio left Dart a wheelchair user, but he never grieved about this. The final turning point in Dart's life came during a visit to Vietnam in 1966, to investigate the status of rehabilitation in that war-torn country.  Visiting a"rehabilitation center" for children with polio, Dart instead found squalid conditions where disabled children were left on concrete floors to starve.  One child, a younggirl dying there before him, took his hand and looked into his eyes.  "That scene," he would later write, "is burned forever in my soul.  For the first time in my life Iunderstood the reality of evil, and that I was a part of that reality."The recipient of five presidential appointments and numerous honors, including the Hubert Humphrey Award of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Dart was on the podium on the White House lawn when President George H. Bush signed the ADA into law in July 1990. 

4. How does this impact higher education:The ADA upholds and extends the standards for compliance set forth in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 to employment practices, communications, and all policies, procedures and practices that impact on the treatment of students with disabilities. Employment issues for all institutions are covered under Title II; private institutions are covered under Title III.

5. Areas impacted by ADA:Employment, Public Transportation, Telephone Relay Service, Education, Labor, Housing, and Parks and Recreation

6. Employment(EEOC)Under Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA, it is illegal to discriminate in any aspect of employment, including:·hiring and firing; ·compensation, assignment, or classification of employees; ·transfer, promotion, layoff, or recall; ·job advertisements; ·recruitment; ·testing; ·use of company facilities; ·training and apprenticeship programs; ·fringe benefits; ·pay, retirement plans, and disability leave; or other terms and conditions of employment.

7. Public TransportationIn 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law. ADA decrees that any entity -- be it a building, a restaurant, an office, a sidewalk, a restroom, a bus, you name it -- that is open to the public must be accessible to people with disabilities. ADA also says that people with disabilities are entitled to equal employment opportunities. Needless to say, ADA has made quite an impact on the transportation industry: the act's various titles prescribe an extremely comprehensive program that affects every aspect of transportation. And that makes sense: ADA is all about accessibility, mobility, getting from one place to the other easily, conveniently, reliably. What is somewhat less obvious is the extent to which the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is involved in ADA oversight and implementation -- in terms of both public accommodation and employment.

8. Telephone Relay ServiceThe term "telecommunications relay services" means telephone transmission services that provide the ability for an individual who has a hearing impairment or speech impairment to engage in communication by wire or radio with a hearing individual in a manner that is functionally equivalent to the ability of an individual who does not have a hearing impairment or speech impairment to communicate using voice communication services by wire or radio. Such term includes services that enable two-way communication between an individual who uses a TDD or other non-voice terminal device and an individual who does not use such a device.

9. EDUCATIONIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act-The 1997 amendments specifically require that, as a condition of State eligibility for funding under Part B of IDEA, children with disabilities are included in general State and district-wide assessment programs. The amendments also address timelines and reporting requirements.The final regulations essentially incorporate these statutory provisions on general State and district-wide assessments verbatim. These provisions require that States and LEAs must:·Provide for the participation of children with disabilities in general State and district-wide assessments –with appropriate accommodations and modifications in administration, if necessary; ·Provide for the conduct of alternate assessments not later than July 1, 2000 for children who cannot participate in the general assessment programs; andMake available, and report, to the public on the assessment results of disabled children, with the same frequency and in the same detail as reported on the assessment results of non-disabled children.

10. LABORThe Civil Rights Center, enforces various Federal statutes and regulations that (1) prohibit discrimination in DOL financially assisted and conducted programs and activities; (2) prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability by certain public entities and in DOL conducted activities; and, (3) prohibit discrimination within DOL itself.

11. HOUSING If you or someone associated with you:Have a physical or mental disability (including hearing, mobility and visual impairments, chronic alcoholism, chronic mental illness, AIDS, AIDS Related Complex and mental retardation) that substantially limits one or more major life activities Have a record of such a disability or Are regarded as having such a disability your landlord may not:Refuse to let you make reasonable modifications to your dwelling or common use areas, at your expense, if necessary for the disabled person to use the housing. (Where reasonable, the landlord may permit changes only if you agree to restore the property to its original condition when you move.) Refuse to make reasonable accommodations in rules, policies, practices or services if necessary for the disabled person to use the housing.

12. PARKS AND RECREATIONNo person in the United States shall, on the grounds of race, color, national origin, age or disability be subjected to unlawful discrimination under any program or activity conducted by or which receives Federal financial assistance from the Department of the Interior. Discrimination includes: denial of services, aids, or benefits; provision of different service or in a different manner; and segregation or separate treatment. In addition, sex discrimination is prohibited in Federally assisted educational programs. ACCESSIBILITY:DOI is developing access to America's public lands and resources and is working to assure these opportunities are provided to all Americans. ACCOMMODATIONS: DOI provides equal employment opportunity for individuals with disabilities who are Federal employees or applicants for Federal employment. 

13. ReferencesTURNING ACCESSIBLE PLAYGROUNDS INTO FULLY INTEGRATED PLAYGROUNDS: JUST ADD A LITTLE ESSENCE.; By: Malkusak, Tony; Schappet, Jean; Bruya, Lawrence., Parks & Recreation, May2002, Vol. 37 Issue 5, p66, 5pReference Books Bulletin: ADA Requirements and Provisions.; By: Flynn, Barbara; Walsh, Jim., Booklist, 3/15/95, Vol. 91 Issue 14, p1345, 1/2pPoverty status of persons with `severe visual limitations'.; Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, Mar/Apr95 Part 2 of 2, Vol. 89 Issue 2, p4, 2pOne in five Americans is defined as disabled.; By: Baker, Denise., Nation's Cities Weekly, 3/7/94, Vol. 17 Issue 10, p20, 2/5pManagement news.; Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, Jul/Aug94, Vol. 88 Issue 4, p12, 3p; Reports on developments concerning the organizations dealing with the visually impaired. Includes establishment of the Veterans Affairs' National Partnership Council'; Americans with Disabilities Act's guideline in a video seminar form for business establishments' compliance of ADA's regulations; Availability of an electronic discussion group for nonprofit officials who has access to Internet. (item 9503065960)

14. Helping employers comply with the ADA : an assessment of how the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is enforcing title I of the AmeHelping state and local governments comply with the ADA : an assessment of how the United States Department of Justice is enforcing title II, subpartAccess travel, airports : a guide to accessibility of terminals.Americans with Disabilities Act : what managers & supervisors need to know about the ADA /ADA overview on video.; Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, Oct93, Vol. 87 Issue 8, p314, 1/9p; Introduces the videotape `The Americans with Disabilities Act Video,' from the Disability Book Catalog. Contents; Contact information. (item 9402152748)

15. WEB LINKShttp://www.americans-with-disabilities-act.comhttp://www.mtsu.edu/~dssemail/graphic/ada.htmhttp://www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.htmlhttp://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/fall94/p94au18.htmhttp://www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/title4.htmlhttp://www.ed.gov/offices/OSERS/Policy/IDEA/MAJOR.DOChttp://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/crc/crcwelcome.htmhttp://www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/FHLaws/index.cfmhttp://www.doi.gov/diversity/5civil.htmhttp://www.ars.usda.gov/eeo/ada.htm

16. Web Page Design Guidelines Joe’l Lewis Dawn Wright Jody Scanlan Katherine Jackson

17. Web Page Design Guidelines • Organizations • Guidelines • Design Components • Bobby • References

18. Organizations • The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): promotes accessibility of websites. • Web Accessibly Initiative (WAI): Web accessibility issues addressed in the following areas: technology, guidelines, tools, education and outreach, and research and development. • Bobby:created to help web page authors identify and repair barriers to access by individuals with disabilities. • EASI (Equal Access to Software and Information): provides consulting to colleges, universities and public libraries on how to make their computer and information systems accessible to students, faculty and staff with disabilities. • National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research: provides materials on principles of accessible design, along with some specific guidelines.

19. Organizations • Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST): an educational, not-for-profit organization that uses technology to expand opportunities for all people, especially those with disabilities. • Universal Design for Learning (UDL): strives to make the curriculum adjustable for students with varied abilities and learning styles rather than forcing students to work with a set curriculum with inflexible materials. • APrompt Organization: provides comprehensive support for the WAI guidelines and steps you through repairing the problems it finds (especially for developers of small sites or beginners with accessibility.) • Aware Center Organization (Accessible Web Authoring Resources and Education): resource for web authors for learning about web accessibility.

20. Accessibility: Web Design Guidelines • U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board Standards • W3C guidelines • Guidelines in plain english

21. W3C Guidelines (slide 1) • Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and visual content. • Don't rely on color alone. • Use markup and style sheets and do so properly. • Clarify natural language usage • Create tables that transform gracefully • Ensure that pages featuring new technologies transform gracefully • Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes.

22. W3C Guidelines (slide 2) • Ensure direct accessibility of embedded user interfaces. • Design for device-independence. • Use interim solutions. • Use W3C technologies and guidelines. • Provide context and orientation information. • Provide clear navigation mechanisms. • Ensure that documents are clear and simple.

23. Guidelines in plain English • General Page Design Guidelines (alt link) • General Graphical Concerns • Special Features • Test Web Pages

24. General Design • Maintain a simple, consistent page layout throughout your site. • Keep backgrounds simple. Make sure there is enough contrast. • Use standard HTML. • Design large buttons. • Caption video and transcribe other audio. • Make links descriptive so that they are understood out of context. • Include a note about accessibility encouraging feedback about accessibility problems.

25. Graphics • Include appropriate ALT/LONGDESC attributes. • Include menu alternatives for image maps to ensure that the embedded links are accessible. • Include descriptive captions for pictures and transcriptions of manuscript images. • Use a NULL value for unimportant graphics. (“”) • Provide audio description and captions or transcripts of video. • Consider other options for making graphical features accessible, e.g. alternative text.

26. Special Features • Use tables and frames sparingly and consider alternatives. • Provide alternatives for forms and databases. • Provide alternatives for content in applets and plug-ins.

27. Test Web Pages • Bobbi • A-prompt • WAVE • Various browsers

28. Web Page Design Components “You should build a site that transforms effectively regardless of when, where, and how its viewed.” Builder.com @ CNET

29. Text • Use H1 – H6 tags to structure headings (not text size) – may be used to build a Table of Contents by a user agent • Don’t use block quote or list containers for visual appearance – text-to-voice software may interpret as a block quote even if the designer was only trying to indent a paragraph

30. Text • Provide a text-only alternative to audio or video • Tags such as <STRONG> and <EM> may indicate the same visual change as <B>, but may indicate an audible change, such as inflection or tone.

31. Text Links • Add text, as well as image, links • Avoid “click here” as those using text-to-voice browsers cannot determine context.

32. Color • Color can cause problems for the color-blind, black and white monitors, or non-visual displays • Make content available with & without color

33. Movement • Automatic refresh may cause difficulty for some: page may take a while to load, or may load too fast for some to finish • Popup windows may be disruptive

34. Tables • Headers for each column and row • Use the Summary attribute: “<TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH=600 SUMMARY= "This table shows the number of hits registered on the site sorted by browser.">”

35. Provide alternative content if you're creating pages with certain elements: • When you use SCRIPT, provide NOSCRIPT information. • When using FRAMES, provide NOFRAMES information. • When using EMBED, provide NOEMBED information. • When using APPLETS, use ALT text. • When using FRAMESET, make sure to use TITLE.

36. Other elements • Addition of ALT-text (text alternatives for all graphics, including decorative graphics, graphical representations of text, bullets, and symbols) • Titles for each frame

37. What is Bobby? • Comprehensive Web Accessibility Software Tool • Released in 1996 Based on Trace Research and Development Center • Now based on World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative

38. Bobby Uses • Identify barriers to accessibility • Encourage compliance with existing guidelines • Evaluate web pages and websites • Support developers

39. Bobby report consists of three sections • Priority 1 Accessibility • Priority 2 Accessibility • Priority 3 Accessibility • Section 508 Accessibility Analysis Available

40. Priority 1 Accessibility • Serious problems with usability • Conformance = Level A for Web Content Guidelines

41. Priority 1 Example

42. Priority 2 Accessibility • Not as serious but areas should try to be revised • Conformance = Level AA for Web Content Guidelines

43. Priority 2 Example

44. Priority 3 Accessibility • Problems that should be considered • Conformance with Priority 1 & 2 and User Checks = Level AAA for Web Content Guidelines

45. Priority 3 Example

46. Section 508 Accessibility • Problems receive equal priority • All areas must meet standards to receive this rating • Bobby Approved 508

47. Bobby Approved Website

48. Bobby Approved Website

49. Resources • Commuting and the ADA; By: Miklave, Matthew T.; Trafimow, A. Jonathan., Workforce, Apr2002, Vol. 81 Issue 4, p72, 4p; • Website for Visually Disabled People : Does title III of the ADA Apply to Internet Websites?;By: Schloss, Adam M.., Columbia Journal of Law & Social Problems, Fall2001, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p35, 25p; • Web Design and Accessibility through a Trainer’s Eyes;, Library Technology Reports, Jul/Aug2001, Vol. 37 Issue 4, p45, 12p; • Bobby Approves Web Accessibility for Print Disabled; By: Clyde, Anne., Teacher Librarian, Apr2001, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p52, 2p; • Curb Cuts on the Information Highway: Making the Web Accessible; By: McDermott, Irene E.., Searcher, Mar2001, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p65, 5p, 3c;

50. Resources • Making Websites Work for People with Disability; By: Foster, Andrea L.., Chronicle of Higher Education, 2/2/2001, Vol. 47 Issue 21, pA30, 3p, 3c; • U. S. to Issue Rules Giving the Disable Access to Most Government Websites; By: Simpson, Glenn R.., Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition, 12/21/2000, Vol. 236 Issue 121, pB11, 0p; • Assuring the Provision of Accessible Digital Resources; By: Sloan, David; Rowan, Murray; Booth, Paul; Gregor, Peter., Journal of Educational Media, Oct2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p203, 14p; • Locking Out the Disabled; By: Heim, Judy., PC World, Sep2000, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p181, 5p, 5c; • The ADA Stalks the Internet: Is your web page illegal?: By: Frezza, Bill., InternetWeek, 02/28/2000 Issue 802, p33, 1/2p;