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MARE Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Rhenium Experiment

The MARE experiment, a collaboration between institutions in Italy, the USA, and Germany, aims to explore the nature of neutrinos through microcalorimeter technology. Focused on measuring the effective Majorana mass of neutrinos, the project is divided into two phases. Phase I involves optimizing technology and detector performance to achieve sensitivity levels better than current methods, while Phase II will address systematic uncertainties and enhance detector capabilities. With advancements in design and ambitious goals, this research is pivotal in understanding fundamental particle physics.

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MARE Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Rhenium Experiment

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  1. MARE Microcalorimeter Arrays for a Rhenium Experiment COLLABORATION: INFN sez. Genova and Università di Genova, Dipartimento di Fisica, ITALY NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA Universität Heidelberg, Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, GERMANY Università dell’Insubria, Dipartimento di Fisica e Matematica, ITALY INFN sez. Milano and Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, ITALY ITC-IRST, Trento, ITALY University of Wisconsin, Physics Department, USA ... STILL OPEN LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  2. m  0 …. m = ? Neutrino oscillations (Δm2 only): atmosphericΔm232  1.610-3 eV2(SK evidence + CHOOZ constrains) solarΔm122  710-5 eV2(SNO + KAMland) Neutrinoless double beta decay - 0 (model-dependent): ..but direct insights on the neutrino nature (Majorana ?) and access to Majorana phases Effective Majorana mass: mee < 0.35 eV (Heidelberg-Moscow 76Ge) mee < 0.2÷1.1 eV(CUORICINO 130Te) mee = 0.1÷0.9 eV (Klapdor: 76Ge reanalysis) Cosmology (indirect): U. Seljak, Physics Review D 71 (2005) 103515 mi < 0.42 eV (CMB+SDSS+SN) Direct ( decay) sub-eV SAFE determination NEEDED !! … and such a 1st class Physics deserves more than just one experiment. LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  3. Calorimetric technique: status Lowest-Q (2.5keV) beta decay (most sensitive to small m): 187Re GOALS: - eliminate as much systematics as possible (sub-eV!!) - scaling (in principle) possible up to the nth generation  Source  Detector (neutrino is the only allowed to escape from the bulk) Published results: < 15 eV (90% C.L.) Milano MIBETA AgreO4 < 26 eV (95% C.L.) Genova MANU metallic Re STATUS: still one order of magnitude worse than spectrometers, but some pros in principle. To be competitive with KATRIN, we need a two orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity. LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  4. MARE: a two stages effort Two orders of magnitudes is a (too) big task for a single step. Phase I: - Present technology detectors (2006-2009) - Optimization of the single channel - Scaling up to hundreds of devices (MIBETA2, MANU2) Goals: - m < 2eV before KATRIN - phase II preliminary (systematics, technology..) Phase II: - R&D during the phase I data taking (2010-2015) - New approach (multiplexed TES or MMC) - More than 104 fast (~s) devices with < 5eV resolution Goals: - 0.2eV sensitivity in 2015 - still upper limits (e.g. hierarchical pattern) ?  Starting point for a 4th generation (NDET > 106) LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  5. Science requirements: MC simulations Phase II Phase I • ~ 1014 beta decays required • fpup ~ 10-5 is required • E < 5eV is enough • ~ 1010 beta decays required • E and fpup achievable fpup ~ AR LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  6. Systematic effects • Peculiar and common effects under investigation: • - theoretical spectral shape of the 1st forbidden 187Re decay; • - solid state BEFS effect*; • internal detector response function calibration*; • - unidentified pile-up spectrum; • - external radioactive background; • - energy scale calibration; • - surface electron escape*; • - data reduction. • MARE phase I is partially devoted to the study of these effects. • * See poster H102 for a preliminary analysis based on MIBETA AgReO4 array results. LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  7. MARE PHASE I LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  8. MARE phase I: MIBETA2 options NASA 66 silicon array (XRS2). STATUS: encouraging first results with 450g AgReO4. Coupling and electronics to be optimized. Baseline choice. NTD Gearray (LBL+Bonn). STATUS: preferred from the model point-of-view. Excess noise observed; reproducibility to be demonstrated. ITC-IRST TMAH micromachined array. Implanted silicon with the technology developed for the MIBETA single devices. STATUS: ongoing production run, tests in October. NDET = 288 LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  9. MARE phase I: MANU2 ??????? LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  10. MARE PHASE II LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  11. MARE phase II: critical issues • The kick-off of the phase II will be subordinated to: • safe reduction of all the known sources of systematic uncertainties; • verification that no new sources come up to impair the sensitivity; • understanding of the 187Re decay spectrum with the required precision; • demonstration that the estimated sensitivity can be maintained though • the experiment is segmented in a large number of channels. • All these goals will be achieved making use of the 1010 beta decays • acquired in the phase I. Preliminary feelings from MIBETA and MANU • (~107) events are positive, but the full MARE phase I dataset is required • to drawn a definitive conclusion. LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  12. MARE phase II strategy Requirements: fast detectors (~s), energy resolution (<5eV), high granularity (>104), big absorbers (~10 mg). Thermistors: TES or MMC (Heidelberg) depending on single devices performances. Also involved: Como, Genova, Milano, NASA, Wisconsin. Absorbers: metallic rhenium vs. dielectric (AgReO4) depending on the results of MARE phase I and MMC R&D. Mainly involved: Genova, Milano, Heidelberg. Electronics: multiplexed SQUID. Involved: NASA, Heidelberg. Cryogenics: no critical issues (mTOT ~ kg). Method: modularity (104 detectors modules to be deployed). (reminder) LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

  13. Conclusions: MARE and KATRIN • Classic EM spectrometers are now less than one order of magnitude ahead. KATRIN, probably the ultimate classic experiment, is reaching 0.2eV sensitivity by means of a BIG (10m23m) electrostatic spectrometer. • For the very first time, a concrete opportunity of checking the spectrometers results is open (before KATRIN !!) as a result of a relatively straightforward optimization and scaling of the present calorimeters arrays (MARE phase I). • In parallel, constructive but feasible R&D is required to prepare the MARE 2nd phase. Assuming KATRIN will be successfully deployed and run, we predict two scenarios: • positive detection by KATRIN. Only a 187Re calorimetric cross-check could then disprove or confirm the result for the History; • m < 0.2eV by KATRIN (..according to the Cosmology indications). Again, the cross-check is crucial. Given the lower bounds from oscillation experiments, the even next generation experiments will probably, finally measure m directly. LTD11 - Tokyo 01/08/2005

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