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Class: Prep II Subject: History Topic: A Young Country Presentation by: Maimoona Kashif

Class: Prep II Subject: History Topic: A Young Country Presentation by: Maimoona Kashif . Division of assets: . Assets to be split between India and Pakistan. Criteria was size and population. Expert committees to decide. Everything-- to be itemized, valued and divided. .

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Class: Prep II Subject: History Topic: A Young Country Presentation by: Maimoona Kashif

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  1. Class: Prep II Subject: History Topic: A Young Country Presentation by: Maimoona Kashif

  2. Division of assets: • Assets to be split between India and Pakistan. • Criteria was size and population. • Expert committees to decide. • Everything-- to be itemized, valued and divided. Administrative problems

  3. In principle – Pakistan to receive 17.5% of joint assets. • Pakistan was to receive cash credit if any item could not be divided. Administrative problems: Division of assets:

  4. Who was at loss? Pakistan: Why? • India retained most of the unique institutions, museums, laboratories and research stations. Pakistan received financial compensation. Administrative problems: Division of assets:

  5. Division of assets: Million of rupees: • Four billion rupees in the subcontinent’s Reserve Bank. • Pakistan’s share was 750 million. • 200 million rupees were paid. Administrative problems: What happened next?

  6. Division of assets: Million of rupees: • Fighting began in Kashmir. • India, saying money would be used to buy weapons, refused to hand over any more. • Pakistan was to be agreed to Kashmir joining India to receive the leftover money.

  7. Division of assets: Million of rupees: what happened next? • On Gandhi’s pressure, India paid another 500 million rupees. • 50 million still unpaid.

  8. Gandhi’s last days: • Gandhi wanted to create peace between the two countries. • Expressed support for Pakistan. • Read from Quran at prayer meetings.

  9. Gandhi’s last days: (cont.) • Fasted in protest against Indian govt. when it refused paying 55 crore of rupees to Pakistan. • Visited Muslim areas, badly affected by rioting. • Fasted in September 1947 and January 1948 to stop rioting.

  10. Gandhi’s last days: (cont.) • Sikhs and Hindus turned against him. • Chanted ‘let Gandhi die!’ • Called him ‘Mohamad Gandhi for his supporting Muslims.

  11. Gandhi’s last days: (cont.) • Gandhi announced to spend life in Pakistan, helping the Muslim refugees. • But before he • could do so • January 30, he was shot dead by a Hindu fanatic.

  12. Newly – established government: Many Hindus in the ICS-- new India well-equipped with staff possessing the experience necessary to run the country. Fewer Muslims in ICS so Pakistan lacked in this area. Had to continue with the British officers. Administrative problems:

  13. Newly – established government: • India --a fully-fledged government with all its elaborate apparatus. Administrative problems: • Pakistan – neither trained personnel nor proper equipment.

  14. Newly – established government: • Some Pakistani ministers to use wooden boxes as office tables. • No filing system. • Trains, carrying essential files and records from Delhi to Karachi, were either burnt or derailed. • Hastily constructed tin sheds served as office accommodation. Administrative problems:

  15. Administrative problems: Short of officers: more Hindus in British Indian Army so there were short of 1500 officers (Pakistan continued having services of 500 British officers). Establishing Pakistan’s Military:

  16. Administrative problems: 2. Short of training academies: Pakistan was unable to train up soldiers quickly because there was only one training academy at Quetta. Establishing Pakistan’s Military:

  17. Administrative problems: Establishing Pakistan’s Military: 3. No ordnance factory: All 16 ordnance factories of the subcontinent were in India. Pakistan could not manufacture military equipments. (India paid 60 million as compensation. Pakistan built ordnance factory at Wah near Rawalpindi)

  18. Administrative problems: 4. Small navy: coastline was about 1000 miles long. Strong navy was required but Pakistan was to begin with only a few ships. Equipments either not sent by India or old/worn out supplies were sent. Establishing Pakistan’s Military:

  19. Economic disruptions: • Bulk of agriculturists, weavers, potters, shoemakers, other artisans. • Shortage of sweepers, accountants, traders, nurses, wholesalers etc. • Muslims – to step forward in the business field, though they were believed to be lacking the aptitude for the same. Building the economy:

  20. Economic madness: • British administration: single economic unit: free trade, single tariff, a unified system of currency, network of railways and telegraphs. • No balanced development of various regions. • Pakistan – economically undeveloped. Building the economy:

  21. Historian Michael Edwardes says: ‘Economically partition was completely mad. But once the division of India on religious lines had been established, no other criterion was possible.’ Building the economy: Economic madness:

  22. Examples of economic madness: 1.West Pakistan deprived of control of much of water supply on which economy depended. 2.Large area of West Punjab – to get electricity from the Mandi Hydroelectric Works,--- now in India. Building the economy: Economic madness:

  23. Examples of economic madness: (cont.) 3.West Pakistan, producing 40% of the subcontinent’s output of cotton, had only 14 out of 394 cotton mills. 4.East Pakistan lost its former capital Calcutta with all its prosperous industries. Building the economy: Economic madness:

  24. Examples of economic madness: (cont.) 5.East Pakistan, producing, nearly 70% of the world’s supply of jute, did not have a single jute mill to process its product. All 111 jute mills located in India. Building the economy: Economic madness:

  25. Examples of economic madness: (cont.) 6.No international airport in East Pakistan --- thus not well connected with the outside world. Building the economy: Economic madness:

  26. Agriculture and food products: the main strengths of Pakistan Strengths and Weaknesses of Pakistan: Jute and rice crops of East Pakistan.

  27. Strengths and Weaknesses of Pakistan at Partition Jute

  28. Cotton, rice and wheat crops of West Pakistan. Strengths and Weaknesses of Pakistan: (cont.)

  29. Breadbasket lands of Punjab.

  30. Livestock of Sindh (cattle + poultry) Strengths and Weaknesses of Pakistan: Strengths (cont.)

  31. Strengths and Weaknesses of Pakistan: • Weaknesses • Major ports in India. • Major industrial area in India. • Small industrial development. • Majority of population was poor. • Majority lived in rural areas. • Only 8 large towns.

  32. Developing Pakistan’s industry: • Opening of State Bank of Pakistan on July 1, 1948. • Factories set up to manufacture goods from home-grown materials. Sugar factory at Mardan, and Industrial Trading Estates at Karachi, Hyderabad and Sukkur.

  33. Developing Pakistan’s industry: (cont.) • Government-run industries were set up, producing arms, hydroelectric power, and equipments for railways, telegraph, and telephone systems. • Private companies were welcomed. • Foreign investment were welcomed.

  34. Developing Pakistan’s industry: (cont.) • Financial measures to help grow industry and business. However response was disappointing due to lack of people experienced in industry. No industrial class in Pakistan to conceive programme of industrialisation.

  35. Forward March Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan

  36. Forward March Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan • Last public appearance at the opening ceremony of the State Bank. • Working in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. • Had risked his health. • Had been ignoring doctors’ or his sister’s advice to take rest.

  37. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.) • Thought of himself as a ‘General’, whose nation was fighting for its very survival and at this time the ‘General’ could not take holiday. • Under great deal of strain. • Totally neglected his health.

  38. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan: (cont.) • Battled against lung cancer and tuberculosis. • His reserves of strength drained away. • His remarkable strength of character and willpower kept him alive.

  39. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.) • Wanted to keep the severity of his illness a secret from his people. • Why? • Believed that this would cause further instability in difficult times.

  40. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.) • September 11, 1948: death of the ‘Father of the Nation’ in Karachi. • Lived for about one year after the creation of Pakistan. • But • Within the short time established the country.

  41. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.)

  42. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.)

  43. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.) • Nation to march forward without its leading political leader.

  44. Jinnah: after creation of Pakistan (cont.) • To rally behind Jinnah’s slogan. Faith, unity, discipline.

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