Women and Mongolian rule of china

1. Womenand Mongolianrule ofchina

2. My entire army is made up of Calvary (horsemen) who use a powerful composite bow

3. Lure your enemy out with a small force and harass them while you do a fake retreat.

4. Once your enemy is exhausted from chasing you find a suitable place to surround and ambush them.

5. I adapted my army to use siege weapons, such as the catapult. Once I conquered a city we would set loose many of the inhabitants that were not useful

6. The inhabitants of the last conquered city would seek refuge in my next target. This would spread terror, create food shortages and overcrowding in my next conquest.

7. Once a Russian prince refused to surrender. I built a wall around his city to show their was no escape. After my Mongol warriors attacked no one was left alive.

8. Those who challenged my power or refused to surrender would be destroyed. After awhile my name alone made whole cities surrender. I am Genghis Khan! I created the world’s largest land empire. THE MONGOLIAN EMPIRE. When my conquests were over I brought peace and trade to much of Asia.

10. WHO WERE MONGOLS ? From the steppes of eastern central Asia Nomadic peoples United under the leadership of Temujin a.k.a Chinggis Khan “Courage Cultures”

11. The Mongol Art of War • Great horsemen and archers • Large, quickly moving armies • “cutting edge weapons” • Masters at psychological warfare: • “By putting cities to the sword, they let terror run ahead of them” John Fairbank

12. Strong Equestrians and Archers • The Mongols were oriented around extreme mobility. They carried their houses with them, drank their own horse's blood to stay alive, and could travel up to 62 miles per day. • They had an elaborate priority-mail-system which allowed orders to be transmitted rapidly across Eurasia. • Mongol archers were very deadly and accurate • Their arrows could kill enemies at 200 meters (656 feet)

13. LANGUAGE: • The Mongolian language is the official language of Mongolia and the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million. • Mongolian, the official language of the independent nation of Mongolia, is properly called KhalkhaMongolian, after the four Khalkha provinces that were carved out of this region in the 17th century. Closely related dialects of Mongolian are spoken in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, and more distantly related forms of Mongolian are spoken by the Buriats of Siberia and the Kalmyks of European Russia, Xinjiang, and Tibet.

14. CULTURE: • Historically, the Mongols are a nomadic people herding livestock on the Mongolian plateau; religiously they were adherents first of shamanism and Buddhism. Over the centuries, Mongol culture has been influenced by the cultures of Tibet, China, the Central Asian oases, and Russia. • Mongolian culture is derived from the traditional life of steppe herdsmen. The mainstays of Mongolian herding are horses, cattle, camels, sheep, and goats, which provided milk, meat, clothing, and with their droppings, even fuel for the hearth. To this day, many Mongolian families migrate seasonally three or four times a year with their herds to customarily assigned pastures.

15. ART AND CRAFT:

16. CLOTHING:

18. Religion & beliefs: • Mongolians traditionally were afraid of misfortunes and believe in a variety of good and bad omens. • Misfortune might be attracted by talking about negative things, or by persons that are often talked about. • Along with resurrection of Shamanism and Buddhism, a number of Christian sects are trying to gain a foothold in Mongolian religion. About 4% of the Mongolian population is Muslim.

20. The Social Aspects of the Mongols • Nomadism is a way of life forced by the scarcity of resources and by the low population density. • They often came in contact with other groups seeking the same resources and the outcome of these encounters is commonly warfare, trade or both . • Every man was a fulltime herdsman, hunter, and warrior. • Both men and women were superb riders and were adept to shooting arrows from a galloping horses. • One can refer to the picture shown below:

22. The Social Aspects of the Mongols • Nomadic diet: meats and milk. They would eat any manner of animal: horses, camels and even dogs, provided they were fat. • Male and female POW’s became slaves and were forced to do menial work in nomadic camps. • Women were considered as equals. • Women took responsibility managing the needs of the camp, breeding and birthing of livestock. • According to Marco Polo, when a father dies, his sons may wed all of the deceased man’s wives with the exception of their mother. They also cannot marry their mother’s sisters. (Bulliet 329)

23. The Political Aspects of the Mongols • Military Leaders imposed strict discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. • Mongols were rough, skilled warriors who spent most of their time in the saddle. • Mongol women were also great riders and fighters, and some commanded their own military forces. (Ellis 317) • All men in the Mongol Empire over the age of twenty except physicians, priests or those that washed dead bodies were eligible for military service.

24. The Political Aspects of the Mongols • The Mongols were able to adapt very easily to the type of battle that was being fought, their horses responded to signals given with the knees, they could instantly turn in any direction. In battle they used a system of flags to distribute orders. At night they used flaming arrows. • Mongols used foreign bureaucrats (especially Persians) to run the government. • Decision making was made in public and after debate. The political structure was designed to accommodate the conflicting centralized and decentralized forces of traditional nomadic life • Children were often used as pawns of diplomacy: their marriages were arranged during childhood. (Bulliet 331)

25. NOW JUST FOCUS ONLY ONMongolian women: • Western scholars have argued, based on indigenous sources like the Secret History of the Mongols • That Mongolian women had higher social positions and greater autonomy than women in Islamic, Sinic, Buddhist and even Christian European societies. • Mongolian women have strong physic, take part in battle, fought with men as warriors. • Women was conspired wiser than men, those men who doesn't take advise from their wives were considered immature.

26. Marriage immunities: • Women were able to divorce if marriage was unsuccesful. • Women were free to marry any person of their choice. • It was a choice for widowed women to marry or not to marry a man. If she marries a man, his new husband had to accept his children as there was a good spiritual connection between Mongols. • Women were free to inherit property.

27. Household activities: • Women herded and milked sheep. • Routinely managed the household. • If widowed or if their husbands were absent to perform military service, corvée labor, or caravan work armies. • Mongols valued fertility over virginity, and women remained subordinate to men and were restricted to the domestic sphere. • Chinggis Khan advised to heed the advice of women. • Marriages were arranged by parents, and Rashid al-Din documented that, "A man has power and is the master, and a wife is only his dependant". • During nomadic migrations, women were often abandoned during enemy attacks, or gifted or sold to the enemy.

28. Attitudes: • Traditional Mongols combined notions of masculine primacy with a flexible attitude toward female participation in male-associated tasks, and women ordinarily filled in for men when no males were available for such activities. • Women's high level of enrollment in higher education reflected the female predominance in medicine, nursing, teaching, and professional child care.

29. Some interesting facts: • In the Mongol civilization it was actually the women who called the shots.  • After Genghis Khan’s death, his mother Hoelum, his wife Borte and then daughters and daughters-in-law embarked on a series of power struggles that saw various capable women rule their own factions of the Empire. • One of the mightiest Mongol queens was Mandhuhai, a capable warrior with a keen tactical mind. Mandhuhai solved this conundrum by marrying a 17-year-old trophy prince and bearing eight children, all while actively participating in battles.

30. A GENERAL TREND OF GENDER EQUALITY ACROSS Mongolians in china: • One can easily observe any area’s gender equality trend from following statistics. • Here we are discussing Mongolian women of china so we can understand from the following charts:

34. Conclusion … &Questions???

35. THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE AND ATTENTION!