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Understanding Research Basics: Types, Validity, and Ethical Considerations in Psychology

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This syllabus outlines essential principles in research methodology within psychology, emphasizing the differentiation between descriptive, relational, and causal studies. It covers the critical concepts of independent and dependent variables, types of validity, and the importance of operational definitions. Ethical considerations relating to participant protection and confidentiality are addressed, along with the risks associated with HARKing and false-positive psychology. Overall, the syllabus aims to guide researchers through the complexities of developing sound hypotheses, conducting literature reviews, and maintaining ethical standards in psychological research.

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Understanding Research Basics: Types, Validity, and Ethical Considerations in Psychology

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Basics

  2. Syllabus • Syllabus • Requirements • Readings • Topics • Goals

  3. Chapter 1--basics • Types of studies • Descriptive • Relational • Causal • Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal • Repeated measures vs. time series • Third variable problem—examples? • Independent vs. dependent variable • Exhaustive and mutually exclusive categories (and relevant ones)

  4. Theory and op defs • What makes a good hypothesis? • When and how is qualitative research used in psych? • When might your unit of analysis not be individuals? • What are examples of the ecological (conclusions about groups based on individuals) and exception (group conclusion based on individuals) fallacy in research? • Is theoretical research better? What is good and bad about it? • Why are operational definitions important?

  5. Philosophy and validity • How do inductive and deductive research fit together? • Explain metaphysics, positivism, determinism, post-positivism, critical realism, constructivism, and evolutionary epistemology. What do these approaches have to do with how science is conducted and interpreted? • What are the differences between conclusion, internal, construct, and external validity? How can each be assessed? • What are threats to conclusion validity?

  6. Ethics • Where should we be at in terms of protecting participants vs. letting science advance? What is the line? • What are issues of confidentiality and anonymity in research? What might cause risks to confidentiality? • How can we deal with the right to service in research?

  7. Idea generation • How do you come up with ideas? How do you know if they are good? • What types of feasibility issues should you consider in research? • Why is a literature review important? How should it be done?

  8. HARKing (Kerr, 1998) • What is HARKing? What is the alternative? • What examples have you seen? How often do you think it occurs? • How can it be identified? • Do scientists approve of it? • What are the reasons for HARKing? • Do we always need a hypothesis? • Why don’t we put more emphasis on disconfirmation?

  9. What are the costs of HARKing? • How does this relate to the file drawer problem? • Is it ethical? • Does it negatively affect our perceptions by others (cases of fraud, use as criticism)? • Are the benefits greater than the costs? • How can we discourage it?

  10. False-positive psychology (Simmons et al., 2011) • False positive=incorrect rejection of null hypo • What do they mean by researcher degrees of freedom? • What are some common ones? • Do these things cause a problem? How?

  11. Suggestions for authors • Authors should decide ahead of time how they will decide when to stop collecting data and report it. • Authors need at least 20 observations per cell. • Authors should report all variables collected. • Authors should report all experimental conditions, whether they worked or not. • Authors should report analyses with outliers in as well. • Authors should report analyses without covariates as well.

  12. Suggestions for reviewers • Reviewers should ensure that authors do what they’re supposed to. • Reviewers should be more open to messy results. • Reviewers should make sure results don’t depend on arbitrary decisions. • Reviewers should require exact replications. • Why don’t the other ideas work?

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