SPORT AND CULTURE

SPORT AND CULTURE Ancient & Tribal Societies Wk 8 Contemp Studies y 12

SOCIOLOGY? • Sociology deals with the way individuals interact with one another to make up a social structure • Sociology is the scientific discipline that describes and explains human social organisation A sociologist makes an objective evaluation of what exists. Developmental treatment of what is established is left to ‘professional’ groups to interpret. Contemp Studies y 12

Society and Culture The structural composition of a community of people. We will be considering society as a national identity, in which a large group of people has an organisation which is unique SOCIETY Contemp Studies y 12

Society and Culture CULTURE Explains the way in which a society functions it describes the unique patterns of a society, summarised by the term lifestyle. It reflects the customs, attitudes and values of the people and can be analysed at a ethical, socio-economic and artistic level. Contemp Studies y 12

Society and Culture INSTITUTIONS SPORT Has its own traditions and values Which can reflect society as a whole Contemp Studies y 12

SPORT AND CULTURE Contemp Studies y 12

What is a tribe • A tribe is a small group of people who lead a very primitive lifestyle. Contemp Studies y 12

Contemp Studies y 12

Bull Leapers were held in high acclaim Contemp Studies y 12

SPORT AND CULTURE Ancient cultures have been given three major characteristics:- Functional Ideological Ritual MINOAN (CRETE) ANCIENT EGYPT ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT ROME Contemp Studies y 12

SPORT AND CULTURE Tribal cultures have been given three major characteristics:- • Ritual • Natural • Survival • SAMOA • POLYNESIA • ABORIGINES • NATIVE AMERICAN • TROBRIAND ISLANDERS Contemp Studies y 12

PHASE 1- Pre-Colonial Major researcher – Helen Dunlap (1951) • Samoan culture spread over 14 islands ‘life has no engagement so important that the islander will not cancel it at once on the plea of sport’. (anon 1838) • Samoans enjoyed swimming, diving, canoeing, sailing, surfing, turtle riding, sliding and fishing Affiliation with the sea • Communication – travel between islands • Survival - safety at sea • Social – festivals based on island life Contemp Studies y 12

Land based recreations Tug-o-war, racing, juggling, spear parrying, club fighting, wrestling, and dancing. There are cultural justifications for these pursuits Warfare – brutal activities Education – children's play Economic – finding food Social ranking – tests of manhood Life crisis – birth, puberty and death Contemp Studies y 12

PHASE 2 - Colonization Colonised initially by Britain but also influenced by Americans, Germans and now New Zealanders. • British soldiers banned warlike activities, spears were made obsolete and island travel was strictly controlled • Trade and importing food replaced hunting customs and the associated festivals • Missionaries attacked ethnic festivals. Christianity was the only accepted religion • The judicial system was taken out of the tribal hierarchy also reducing the role of associated festivals Contemp Studies y 12

PHASE 3 – Post Colonial Where they are now? Samoa has remained a crown country a new democracy increased the level of ethnic administration and an increased freedom to revive ethnic festivals albeit in a Christian environment rugby became the representative sport over cricket for a number of reasons. Contemp Studies y 12

Why Rugby? It’s a reflection of the rugged, physical lifestyle and temperament of the Samoans Integration of culture comparable to the older pastimes 7-a-side was more popular due to village size Individual flair made their form of the game utterly unique World recognition of their community The ‘Haka’ – 15 players have a common resolve, focus and commitment Their society is behind them They also have the support of their war gods Contemp Studies y 12

Samoan Haka Le Manu Samoa e, ia manú le fai o le faiva Le Manu Samoa e, ia manú le fai o le faiva Le Manu Samoa lenei ua ou sau Leai se isi Manu o le atulaulau Ua ou sau nei ma le mea atoa Ma lo'u malosi ua atoatoa Ia e faatafa ma e sósó ese Leaga o lenei Manu e uiga ese Le Manu Samoa! Le Manu Samoa! Le Manu Samoa e o mai i Samoa! Hi! Samoan anthem (trans) - The Banner of FreedomSamoa, arise and raise your banner that is your crown! Oh! see and behold the stars on the waving banner! They are a sign that Samoa is able to leadOh! Samoa, hold fast Your freedom forever! Do not be afraid, as you are founded on God; Our treasured precious libertySamoa, arise and wave Your banner that is your crown! Contemp Studies y 12

Emerging nations Wk 9 Contemp Studies y 12

Kenya Indonesia Brazil Nigeria West Indies Distance Running Badminton Football Boxing Cricket Emerging NationsJames Riordan – ‘The state of sport in developing countries’ Contemp Studies y 12

Kenya – Distance Running Contemp Studies y 12

Indonesia - badminton Contemp Studies y 12

Brazil - football Contemp Studies y 12

Nigeria - boxing Contemp Studies y 12

West Indies - Cricket Contemp Studies y 12

Emergent Countries and sport as a National Identity Riordan suggests that all developing countries are in the process of nation building, which normally entails the authoritarian integration of a variety of tribal groups to establish stability. In turn , this can be achieved only if the nation is healthy and strong, which leads to the emphasis on the health of the people and their military preparedness. Contemp Studies y 12

One outcome in the modern world is the recognition that sport is a competitive frontier which draws a nation together without bloodshed. However, technological and financial limitations mean that an elitist route is necessary, where focus has to be on a specific sport that is straightforward to establish. Funding and effort are then disproportionately allocated to achieve excellence in this one area. Contemp Studies y 12

Reward for success is the production of a role model, which at once inspires and appeases less fortunate members of the society under one banner and gives the developing nation international exposure and recognition. Contemp Studies y 12

SPORT AND CULTURE