1 / 35

An Abbreviated History of Engineering Communication

An Abbreviated History of Engineering Communication . ENGR 1555 Dr. Darrell Wallace Youngstown State University . Earliest Weight Standards. Earliest Engineering Communication. Technical drawings likely date back to 6000 BC

trinity
Télécharger la présentation

An Abbreviated History of Engineering Communication

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. An Abbreviated History of Engineering Communication ENGR 1555 Dr. Darrell Wallace Youngstown State University (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  2. Earliest Weight Standards (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  3. Earliest Engineering Communication • Technical drawings likely date back to 6000 BC • Formal length, Cubit, used as common length of measure (between 18 and 19 inches) • Cubit standardized to “Royal Cubit” (approx. 18.24”) around 4000 BC • Biblical records Standard cubits 1.5 x 1.5 x 2 cubits (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace 300 x 50 x 30 cubits

  4. Great Pyramid (circa 2500 BC) (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  5. Mesopotamia (2150 BC) (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  6. Greco-Roman Standards • Use of cubit faded • One thumb width (unciae), later “standardized” to 3 barley grain lengths • Olympic foot • 1000 double steps (mille) Tablet with standardized olympic “foot” (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  7. Origins of the Concept of Projection (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  8. Archimedes of Syracuse (287-211 BC) • Student of Euclidean geometry • One remaining notebook • Mathematician, astronomer, engineer, philosopher (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  9. Archimedes’ Screw Egyptian terracotta figurine, circa 30BC Pompeian fresco, circa 79AD (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  10. Archimedes’ Concepts Illustrated by Art GIVE ME A PLACE TO STAND AND I WILL MOVE THE EARTH A remark of Archimedes quoted by Pappus of Alexandria in his "Collection“ (Synagoge, Book VIII, c. AD 340 [ed. Hultsch, Berlin 1878, p. 1060]). Wall painting in the Stanzino delle Matematiche in the Galleria degli Uffizi (Florence, Italy). Painted by Giulio Parigi (1571-1635) in the years 1599-1600. (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  11. Vitruvius on Archimedes (1st century AD) Vitruvius (c. first century BC), De Architectura, Book X, Chapter VI, The Water Screw1. There is also the method of the screw, which raises a great quantity ofwater, but does not carry it as high as does the wheel. The method ofconstructing it is as follows. A beam is selected, the thickness of which indigits is equivalent to its length in feet [16 digits = 1 foot]. This is madeperfectly round. The ends are to be divided off on their circumference with thecompass into eight parts, by quadrants and octants, and let the lines be soplaced that, if the beam is laid in a horizontal position, the lines on the twoends may perfectly correspond with each other, and intervals of the size of oneeighth part of the circumference of the beam may be laid off on the length of it.Then, placing the beam in a horizontal position, let perfectly straight lines bedrawn from one end to the other. So the intervals will be equal in the directionsboth of the periphery and of the length. Where the lines are drawn along thelength, the cutting circles will make intersections, and definite points at theintersections.CONSTRUCTION OF THE WATER SCREW2. When these lines have been correctly drawn, a slender withe of willow, or astraight piece cut from the agnus castus tree, is taken, smeared with liquidpitch, and fastened at the first point of intersection. Then it is carried acrossobliquely to the succeeding intersections of longitudinal lines and circles, andas it advances, passing each of the points in due order and winding round, it isfastened at each intersection; and so, withdrawing from the first to the eighthpoint, it reaches and is fastened to the line to which its first part was fastened.Thus it makes as much progress in its longitudinal advance to the eighth pointas in its oblique advance over eight points. In the same manner, withes for theeight divisions of the diameter, fastened obliquely at the intersections on the entire longitudinal and peripheral surface, make spiral channels which naturallylook just like those of a snail shell.3. Other withes are fastened on the line of the first, and on these still others, allsmeared with liquid pitch, and built up until the total diameter is equal to oneeighth of the length. These are covered and surrounded with boards, fastenedon to protect the spiral. Then these boards are soaked with pitch, and boundtogether with strips of iron, so that they may not be separated by the pressure ofthe water. The ends of the shaft are covered with iron. To the right and left ofthe screw are beams, with crosspieces fastening them together at both ends. Inthese crosspieces are holes sheathed with iron, and into them pivots areintroduced, and thus the screw is turned by the treading of men.4. It is to be set up at the inclination corresponding to that which is producedin drawing the Pythagorean right-angled triangle: that is, let its length bedivided into five parts; let three of them denote the height of the head of thescrew; thus the distance from the base of the perpendicular to the nozzle of thescrew at the bottom will be equal to four of those parts. A figure showing howthis ought to be has been drawn at the end of the book, right on the back.I have now described as clearly as I could, to make them better known, theprinciples on which wooden engines for raising water are constructed, and howthey get their motion so that they may be of unlimited usefulness through their revolutions. (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  12. Pre-Renaissance Multiple Points of View (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  13. Early Perspective (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  14. Renaissance • The renaissance period set the stage for the concept of “perspective” to be developed: • Universe viewed as “clockwork” and governed by mechanical laws and order • Observability of scientific phenomena and nature • Emphasis on individual point of view • Key figures: • Leonardo • Newton • Massaccio • Donatello (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  15. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  16. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) lPublished first treatise on perspective, Della Pittura, in 1435. l"a painting is the intersection of a visual pyramid at a given distance, with a fixed center and a defined position of light, represented by art with lines and colors on a given surface." (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  17. Single Point Perspectiveand Scale • l Projected image is easy to calculate. Based on • ¡ height of object (AB) • ¡ distance from eye to object (CB) • ¡ distance from eye to picture plane (CD) • ¡ and using the relationship CB : CD as AB : ED (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  18. Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) • German Renaissance artist • Concept of similar triangles described both geometrically and mechanically in widely read treatise by Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528). Albrecht Dürer, Artist Drawing a Lute, 1525 (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  19. Renaissance Representation of Archimedes’ Screw (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace A woodcut from an edition of Vitruvius's De Architectura by Fra Giocondo(Venice, 1511).

  20. Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519) • Master of the Renaissance • Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist • Documented natural mechanics • Predicted future technology • Used art to effectively communicate and document technical information (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  21. Leonardo – Working Sketch of Sequine Press (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  22. Leonardo – Giant Crossbow (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  23. Leonardo DaVinci (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  24. Leonardo – Design Notes (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  25. Leonardo – War Chariot (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  26. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Astronomer, physicist • Declared heretic • Extensive notebooks (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  27. Galileo’s Notes on Motion A page from Galileo’s notes, now on display in an Italian Museum. The drawing above is a reproduction of the faint drawing in the open area of the note page. (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  28. Galileo – Scribbled Calculations (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  29. Renaissance Machinecirca 1580 Concept for a perpetual motion machine drawn in perspective. (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  30. Gaspard Monge (1746-1818) • French mathematician specializing in descriptive geometry • Studied perspective in depth • Pioneer of multi-view orthographic projections 3-dimensional objects can be represented by combinations of elevations and plan views (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  31. First Industrial Revolution • 1775 – James Watt (Steam Engine – Improvement over Newcome) • 1785 – Edmund Cartwright (Power Loom) • 1793 – Eli Whitney (Cotton Gin) • 1797 – Henry Maudslay (Screw Cutting Lathe) • 1813 – Francis Cabot Lowell (Textile Mill) • 1836 – Morse Telegraph • 1876 – Bell Telephone • 1899 – Marconi Wireless Telegraph (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  32. The Instigator and the Innovator Francis Cabot Lowell(1775-1817) Eli Whitney(1765-1825) (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  33. Timeline (1935-1948) 1935 – American Standards Association (ASA) publishes American Standard Drawing and Drafting Room Practices (5 pages on dimensioning, 2 Paragraphs on tolerancing) 1940 – Chevrolet publishes the Draftsman’s Handbook, first publication to significantly address positional tolerancing 1944 – British Military adopts positional tolerancing standards 1945 – U.S. Military ordnance manual on dimensioning and tolerancing introduces use of symbols instead of notes 1946 – ASA Publishes second edition of American Standard Drawing and Drafting Room Practices, still little mention tolerancing 1948 – British Publication Dimensional Analysis of Engineering Design, first comprehensive standard using concepts of true position tolerancing (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  34. Timeline (1949- 1994) 1949 – U.S. military adopts MIL-STD-8, standard for dimensioning and tolerancing 1953 – Revised standard, MIL-STD-8A is released – uses seven basic drawing symbols and a methodology of “functional dimensioning” 1957 – 1966 – Conflicting American standards cause complexity and inefficiency 1966 – American National Standards Institute (ANSI) issues unified standard, ANSI Y14.5 1973 – ANSI Y14.5 replaces all tolerancing notes with symbols 1982 – ANSI Y14.5 updated 1994 – ANSI Y14.5 updated (current revision) (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

  35. Summary of Objectives • Gain a perspective (pun intended) on the history of engineering communications • Appreciate the complexity of technical communication throughout antiquity • Recognize the relative infancy (150 years out of nearly 10,000) of functional dimensional tolerancing • Understand some of the historical motivations for various standards and techniques we embrace today (c) 2008, Darrell Wallace

More Related