Speaking

1. Language Speaking Listening Reading Writing Media Literary Informational Fiction Expository Procedural Persuasive Nonfiction Nonfiction

2. Literary Elements Important parts of stories

3. Plot diagram model/story map Denouement/

4. WHETHER AND HOW CONFLICTS ARE RESOLVED • Possible examples of conflict resolution: • Everybody wins • Fight/run away/avoid • Fight/resist • Death • Compromise • Someone wins: someone loses • Acceptance • Unresolved

5. Setting: • Time - When is the story taking place? • Place – Where is the story taking place? • Environment – What does it feel like? (e.g., weather, mood, social conditions) • Culture - What cultural influences are part of the setting? (e.g., geographic region, race, religion, etc.) • Historical background - What historical influences are part of the setting? (e.g., historical events, movements, time periods, etc.)

6. Plot continued • Setting: When and where a story takes place. • Suspense: Building tension in a story. You wonder, “What will happen next?” • Flashback: When a story is interrupted and we go back in time. • Dialogue: What is said between characters in a story. There are “quotation marks.” • Theme: The message that an author wants you to know about life, nature or society after reading the story. NOT THE MAIN IDEA!!! • Foreshadow: When the author gives clues about an event that may take place in the future. • Symbolism: Using an object to represent another idea. Example: a dove represents peace. A heart represents love.

7. Characters • Characters: • The people or animals in a story. • Antagonist: The character causing the problems in the story. • Protagonist: Main Character in the story • Traits: How you describe a character.- physical emotional , intellectual • Motivations: What causes a character to act or speak in a certain manner.

8. Conflict • Conflict: • Problem: What is wrong,. What needs to be solved. • Solution/Resolution:How the problem/conflict is solved. • 4 main types of conflict: • Character vs. self – The character must make a decision. • Character vs. character – The character has a problem with another character. • Character vs. nature – The character must overcome a natural disaster. • Character vs. society – The character has ideas different to society. School rules

9. Point of View • Point of view: How the story is being told. • First person: The narrator is a character in the story. Use “I”, “me” , we, “my.” etc. • Second Person: Use of “You” giving of directions (Speeches) • Third person: The narrator is NOT a character in the story. Use characters’ names, he, she they, etc.. Reporting

10. Advantages • Advantages of first person point of view: • •Credibility – • First-hand experience is more believable. • It is far more natural for a character to reveal her own thoughts. • Intimacy - the “I” narrator seems to address the reader directly from the heart, sharing his personal observations and insights with an interested listener.

11. Disadvantages of first-person point of view: • •The reader can see, hear, and know only what the narrator sees, hears, and knows.

12. Third Person/All Knowing • Third person/omniscient - the narrator tells the story in third person from an all-knowing perspective. The narrator knows everything about all the characters. • Third person/limited - the narrator restricts his or her knowledge to one character’s view or behavior

13. Advantage of third-person omniscient: • •Obvious freedom and unlimited scope • Disadvantage of third-person omniscient: • •Relative loss of involvement and intimacy

14. Advantage of third-person limited: • •Encourages personal connections to one character • Disadvantage of third-person limited: • •Surrenders the privileges of seeing and knowing everything and typically follows one character throughout the story, presenting only those incidents in which the character is involved • •The reader’s perception of other characters is colored by the narrator’s predispositions, prejudices, and personal limitations

15. Third Person • Subjective - perspective is restricted to one character including their inner thoughts and feelings • Objective - the narrator reveals only the actions and words without the benefit of the inner thoughts and feelings

16. Culture/Custom • -activities, ideas, beliefs, values, attitudes, behavior, dress, and language of a particular group of people • Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong.

17. Values • Important and lasting beliefs shared by the members of a group of people about what is good or desirable and what is not. • Values influence behavior of an individual.

18. Beliefs • What you think to be true about concepts, events, people, and things.

19. Sensory Imagery • This is a technique used by writers that involve the 5 senses. I • See • Hear • Taste • Touch • Smell It draws the reader in and helps the reader a participate in the experience.

20. Words that tell. Sight • What would you see ? • What would it look like? Examples: old, frail, sunny, shy, hysterical, healthy, broken, fresh, tall, round,

21. Words that tell…Sound • What would you hear ? • What does it sound like? Examples: shout, thud, whistle, clatter

22. Words that tell…Taste • What would you taste ? • What does it taste like? Examples: sweet, burnt, buttery, salty, warm, crisp, tangy

23. Words that tell…Touch/Feeling • What does it feel like? • How does it feel? Examples: sharp, smooth, tickly, warm, fuzzy, dry

24. Words that tell…Smell • How does it smell? • What does it smell like? Examples: musty, fresh, spicy, piney

25. Now, see how many examples of Sensory Imagery you can find. “ Walls of thick vegetation rose up on all sides and arched overhead in a lacy canopy that filtered the light to a soft shade. It had just rained; the air was hot and steamy. I felt enclosed in a semitropical terrarium, sealed off from a world that suddenly seemed a thousand miles away.” - From Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil by John Berendt

26. "The Most Dangerous Game" by Richard Connell "He leaped upon the rail and balanced himself there, to get greater elevation; his pipe, striking a rope, was knocked from his mouth. He lunged for it; a short, hoarse cry came from his lips as he realized he had reached too far and had lost his balance. The cry was pinched off short as the blood-warm waters of the Caribbean Sea closed over his head. "He struggled up to the surface and tried to cry out, but the wash from the speeding yacht slapped him in the face and the salt water in his open mouth made him gag “

27. Example of a Setting: • Crunch! Crunch! Crunch! Joe’s boots broke the forest’s silence. • A full moon peeked out from behind two clouds. • Tree shadows licked the snow drifts in its shimmering light. • Joe shivered as a cold gust of wind blew through his jacket.

28. Types of narratives/stories

29. Myth • Myth –Stories that were created to explain a belief or natural happening that people could not understand. • These stories included Gods and Goddesses.

30. Fable: • Fable – a brief story or poem that teaches a moral or lesson usually through animal characters.

31. Once Upon A Time… • Legend – a widely told story about the past that may or may not have any truth to it. • Fairy tale - a story about fairies or other mythical or magical beings. • Folk tale – a story originated by people that could not read or write and passed from person to person by word of mouth.

32. Oral tradition – the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth and their origin is not known

33. “There is no worse death than the end of hope” – King Arthur • Hero/Heroine – characters that struggle to overcome obstacles and problems; and whose actions are inspiring or noble.

34. The face that launched a thousand ships • Epic - a long poem from ancient oral tradition, telling about the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary characters.

35. Autobiographytrue account-nonfictionwritten by the author Biography true account-nonfiction written by someone else others thoughts and feelings about the person

36. Autobiography • Purpose To tell my story Ist Point-of-view writer’s thoughts and feelings Perception How I want people to see me. Me • Author • Me

37. Biography • Purpose To tell my story • Author someone else 3rd Point-of-view Others thoughts and feelings Perception How others see me Me

38. Language Speaking Reading Listening Writing Literary Informational Fiction Nonfiction Expository Procedural Persuasive

39. Informational Text

40. External Features • Using the Table of Contents to locate main topics • Utilizing the Glossary to identify the unknown • Making use of Headings and Subheadings to locate information • Analyzing Graphic Features to support meaning • Using the Index to navigate text • Finding useful information in Captions and Footnotes

41. Internal Features Textual organizations/patterns • main idea/details • cause/effect, • compare/contrast, • problem/solution, • chronological order, sequence

42. Main Idea/ details • detail • Detail detail detail Main Idea

43. Cause/effect

44. Compare/Contrast Alike

45. Problem and Solution

46. Sequence/chronological order

47. Persuasive Techniques • Methods a writer uses to make an audience think a certain way. • It appeals to: • Reason • Emotions • Respect for expert opinion

48. If you are trying to persuade someone, that means you have a bias. • A tendency, or showing favoritism

49. Factual Claims • Can prove with evidence.

50. Aphorisms/proverbs • A statement of a general truth or principle • • • A winner never quits—a quitter never wins. • • • • • Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.