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Chapter Thirteen

Chapter Thirteen. The Other Protocols. Objectives. You’ll get a brief overview of IPX/SPX NetBEUI Appletalk How each protocol handles addressing The pros and cons of each protocol. IPX/SPX. Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange Developed by Xerox in the early 80s

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Chapter Thirteen

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  1. Chapter Thirteen The Other Protocols

  2. Objectives • You’ll get a brief overview of • IPX/SPX • NetBEUI • Appletalk • How each protocol handles addressing • The pros and cons of each protocol

  3. IPX/SPX • Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange • Developed by Xerox in the early 80s • Adopted and tweaked by Novell to become their protocol of choice in NetWare servers until Version 5. • IPX/SPX is designed to provide transport services for data over the network • IPX is a connectionless protocol • SPX provide a reliable connection-oriented services.

  4. Addressing in IPX/SPX • An IPX/SPX address consists of three separate components: • A network number: 32 bits assigned by administrator and bound to a specific network • A node number is derived from the 48-bit MAC address. • The network number and node address form the station address.

  5. Addressing in IPX/SPX • A socket number: 16 bits • assigned to the process or application running on the device by NOS. • This is NOT the same as the sockets discussed in the Transport layer. • When a process needs network access, it will request a socket number. Once that number is assigned, any packet containing that socket number will be passed on to that process.

  6. Reserved IPX/SPX Sockets

  7. IPX Packet Structure • IPX/SPX packet consists of a 30-bye header and 0-1470 bytes payload. • IPX/SPX packet will be encapsulated into the frame created by the hardware protocol.

  8. IPX Packet Structure

  9. Configuring IPX/SPX • IPX/SPX is a protocol designed to be independent of the hardware protocol used. • It supports Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI. • IPX/SPX packet is inserted as the payload for whatever frame type the network uses. • IPX/SPX is sensitive about the frame type. Your IPX configuration must be configured to use the correct frame type. • Auto Detect usually works pretty well.

  10. Frame Types • IPX/SPX recognizes four different types of Ethernet Frame and two different types of Token Ring frame • 802.3 (Raw) • The typical Ethernet frame • 802.2 • An older frame type used by non-Ethernet protocols • Ethernet II • Ethernet SNAP • 802.5 Token Ring • Token Ring SNAP

  11. Configuring IPX/SPX • The Network address is where you fill in the 32-bit network number. The default is all 0s. • If no network number is statically assigned, the host will send out a broadcast looking for a SAP server. • The SAP server will assign an address.

  12. Routing in IPS/SPX • If the network numbers of both transmitting and receiving devices are the same, no routing is necessary. • If a packet isn’t addressed to the local network, the transmitting station will broadcast a RIP packet. • Available routers with access to the target network number respond with their node address and the number of hops to target. • Transmitting workstation picks the router with the fewest hops and transmits the packet.

  13. Routing in IPS/SPX • When a router receive an IPX/SPX packet, it will perform the following actions: • The router will check the Transport Control field. If the value becomes 16 when incremented, it discards the packet unless it is an NLSP packet. • NLSP can be configured to support up to 127 hops • Next it checks the Packet Type field. If the packet type is NetBIOS and Transport control field was incremented to 8, the packet is discarded. • Otherwise, the router compares the Destination Network number to its routing tables and transmit the packet through the appropriate interface.

  14. Pros and Cons of IPS • Pros • Light overhead on the individual workstations • Very easy to configure and hard to mess up • Cons • Very HEAVY overhead on the network as a whole because of too many broadcast packets. • Workstation broadcasts to find routers, router broadcasts to find other routers, and server broadcast advertisement of service they offer. • No any governing body to manage the network numbers. Network administrator picks up the network number as he/she desires

  15. NetBEUI • NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface • Originally developed by IBM • Developed by Microsoft for early versions of NT 3.51 • A Layer 2 protocol • No longer supported by Microsoft • XP does not install NetBEUI by default, but the protocol can be added from the installation CD.

  16. Pros and Cons of NetBEUI • Pros • Easy to configure • All you need is to put all workstations on the same workgroup, but make sure they have different names. • Extremely fast with low overhead on network and workstations • Cons • Not routable

  17. AppleTalk • Developed by Apple Computer Corporation • Has a lot of similarities to TCP/IP • Layered functionality • A robust collection of related protocols • Moves data in datagrams

  18. Addressing in AppleTalk • Each host is assigned a node ID and an entity name. • The Node ID is similar to the IP address. • The entity name is similar to a NetBIOS name. • The Name Binding Protocol (NBP) resolves node IDs and entity names to MAC addresses. • Networks are numbered (like in IPX/SPX) with 16-bit network numbers. • AppleTalk only supports network number from 0 to 65,534. 65,535 is reserved.

  19. Some AppleTalk Protocols (1 of 3) • Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) provides point-to-point delivery of user data. • DDP packet can contain either a short header or a long header • Data intended for the local network requires only the short header which includes fields that define the source and destination sockets; the frame type and length. • Data needs to be routed, a long header will be used which includes field that defines source and destination networks, hop count, and checksum • If hop count exceeds 16, the datagram is discarded.

  20. Some AppleTalk Protocols (2 of 3) • Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) allows routers to dynamically build routing tables by exchanging known network numbers and accessibility between routers. • AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) is Apple’s version of ICMP.

  21. Some AppleTalk Protocols (2 of 2) • Connection-oriented protocol: • AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) is used for small amount of data • AppleTalk Data Streaming Protocol (ADSP) provides jitter-free delivery of multimedia. ADSP is used to transmit the large amount of data • Connectionless protocol: Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) • AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) opens, maintains, and closes sessions.

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