“Suspicious increases in Reserves”

1. “Suspicious increases in Reserves” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie production Quotas to reserves.

2. Value Proposition for Coal Transformation

4. Biomass Energy http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html As of 2007, Biomass made up 53% of the US renewable energy budget, or a little less than 4% of the total US energy budget.

5. Biomass Energy Heat and/or electricity H&K 17.1

6. 2004 EthanolProduction Facilities In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html

8. Sites for Ethanol Energy budget • http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html • http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf • http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf • http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf • http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf • http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf Bio-Diesel Websites • http://www.biodiesel.org/ • http://www.biodiesel.com/ • http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/

9. Energetics http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm

10. Ethanol Energetics Is there a net energy gain? 35% if ethanol produced from grain 50-60% if ethanol produced from grain and cellulosic biomass Compare this to sugar cane where the gain is on the order of 700% (or petroleum where it is even bigger). http://www.mda.state.mn.us/renewable/renewablefuels/balance.htm (an amusing sidebar on the dangers of believing everything you read on the internet; what this article says about gasoline cannot be true). The US petroleum industry states that refining consumes about 3Quads/yr (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/petroleum_refining/pdfs/bandwidth.pdf)

11. Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain at IIN alternative E conf. 28 Sept. 2005http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp

12. Key Conclusions…State of Indiana Agriculture • Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game given its explosion and our natural advantages. US Ethanol Plants US Biodiesel Plants

13. Challenges Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of sources: Cellulose Fiber Corn Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology to develop bio-catalytic conversion routes Yeasts Fixed bed catalysts Enzymes

14. Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana) • Total Ethanol Production 200 million gallons by 2007 (<10% of national cap.) • Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million gallons by 2007 • 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by 2025 • 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007 • Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio Energy Research (Discovery Park – Energy)

15. Next Steps - Cont’d • Create a showcase, pilot community that runs from biorenewable resources to demonstrate the broader benefits of these fuels beyond agriculture. BIO-TOWN USA • Ensure that alternative energies can be sold competitively for use throughout the State’s existing power grid.

16. BIO-TOWN USA • Reynolds IN • Opportunities: • Energy Production locally & homegrown • Cleaner Environment • Solution to waste management • Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture • Economic development locally and statewide

17. BIOTOWN, USA • Short Term Goals: • Install E85 ethanol pumps locally • Provide opportunity for local residents to convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles. General Motors is providing support to this. • B-20 biodiesel to be made available locally

18. BIOTOWN, USA • Long Term Expectations: • To completely meet all the energy needs of Reynolds via bio-renewable resources including: • Electric • Natural Gas Replacement • Vehicle fuels • Using environmentally friendly technologies to convert animal and human waste into biogas i.e. ENERGY!

19. Alternative Fuels

20. E-n fuel economy E10AK denatured With iso-pentane & Bio-diesel http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf

21. Ethanol vs. MTBE http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether was originally introduced to replace tetra-ethyl Pb as an “octane booster” (anti-knock agent).

22. Alternative Fuels

23. http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/21-021-MIE/2004001/tables/appx1.htmhttp://www.statcan.ca/english/research/21-021-MIE/2004001/tables/appx1.htm

24. E.G. Skeptical about: Biogas • Digesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plant • process manure from about 10,000 cows into • methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yr • Credit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow) • This is what the article says, it sounds high to me! • Article claims that the plant can be profitable • at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make • roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf. • Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of • 916,000 gallons. http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160 • Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on • the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end. • Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is • roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2. • The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas • It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.) • which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year. (1/10th of the above)

25. Frontline episode on Climate Change http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/heat

26. Flex fuel vehicles • Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. The website below lists the flex fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the whole fleet, but it is interesting that the list tends to be dominated by trucks and SUV’s! • A call to Curry Buick yesterday indicated that there is no price premium for a flex-fuel option; it is just a matter of specifying it, and selecting a model for which it is available. http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf (for 2007) http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/flexfuelvehicles.php (for 2008)

27. Energy from Garbage

28. Energy from Garbage

29. Energy from land fills

30. Fire places/Wood Stoves