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Section 3-1a

Cultures and Lifestyles. Read to Discover… • the languages and religions of South Asia. . • the contrasts between rural and urban lifestyles in South Asia.  • the arts and celebrations of South Asia. . Key Terms mantra, sadhu, raga, tala.

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Section 3-1a

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  1. Cultures and Lifestyles Read to Discover… •the languages and religions of South Asia.  • the contrasts between rural and urban lifestyles in South Asia.  • the arts and celebrations of South Asia.  Key Termsmantra, sadhu, raga, tala Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 3-1a

  2. Cultures and Lifestyles Identify and LocateTaj Mahal, Golden Temple  Section Objectives 1. List the languages and religions of South Asia. 2. Contrast rural and urban lifestyles in South Asia.  3. Discuss the arts and celebrations of South Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 3-1b

  3. Introduction • South Asia’s ethnic diversity and its long and complicated history have produced a rich culture.  • Even with a low standard of living in terms of material wealth or life expectancy, South Asians are surrounded by beautiful art and architecture, have access to a lively film industry, and celebrate hundreds of festivals each year. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-2

  4. PLACE Languages • South Asia has a diversity of languages.  • Although English is commonly spoken in government and business, • Hindi is the official language of India, • India has14 major languages and hundreds of regional dialects. • Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit, etc. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-3

  5. Indo-Aryan Languages • Most of the languages spoken in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and northern India fall into the Indo-Aryan family of languages.  • About half of the Indian people speak Hindi as a first or second language. • Urdu is the official language of Pakistan.  • Bengali is the official language of Bangladesh.  • Hindustani, a language spoken in northern India, is a mixture of Hindi and Urdu. (Used in the film industry)  • Nepali and Sinhalese are the official languages of Nepal and Sri Lanka. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-4

  6. Other Languages • About one-fifth of the people in southern India and Sri Lanka speak languages of the Dravidian family, which includes Tamil, Telegu, Kannada, and Malayalam.  • In northern South Asia, the languages spoken in Bhutan and Nepal reflect these countries’ close ethnic and historic ties with central Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

  7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_families_and_languages Map Supplement 3.1

  8. PLACE Religions • The major religions of South Asia are Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism.  • Most of the people in India and Nepal practice Hinduism, and there are Hindus in Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.  • Most people in Pakistan and Bangladesh are Muslim.  • In India, Muslims are the largest single minority. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

  9. PLACE Religions (cont.) • Although Buddhism had its beginnings in South Asia, its overall influence has declined in the region because of the flexibility of Hinduism, which has absorbed many of the teachings of Buddhism.  • Buddhism, however, remains quite strong in Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal.  • Two other religions of South Asia are Sikhism and Jainism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

  10. PLACE Religions (cont.) • Jainism was founded in the 500s B.C. by a young Hindu teacher named Mahavira, who believed in extreme nonviolence and that every living thing has a soul.  • Today, Jainism has over 3 million followers in India.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

  11. PLACE Religions (cont.) • Sikhism was founded in the early 1500s by a teacher named Nanak who combined Hinduism and Islam. • Sikhism has 25 million followers, most of whom live in the northwestern part of India.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

  12. Sikh Guru Nanak, wandering the countryside.

  13. PLACE Religions (cont.) • Another religion in South Asia is Christianity with about 40 million followers, most of whom live in the south of India. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

  14. Influence of Religion • Religion has a powerful influence on daily life in South Asia.  • In Bhutan, prayer flags flap in the wind, sending out sacred messages called mantras.  • In India, Hindu teachers known as sadhus can be seen everywhere, usually dressed in yellow robes and carrying a bowl and a blanket.  • They live on gifts from those who want to improve their karma. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

  15. Influence of Religion (cont.) • In India, where Hindus consider cattle sacred, thousands of cows roam the streets.  http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20050503/od_nm/odd_india_cows_dc_1&printer=1 • In Pakistan women dress modestly as Islamic law requires. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

  16. Map Supplement 3.2

  17. PLACE The Arts • The arts are an important aspect of life in South Asia with even the humblest workers performing their tasks in an artistic way. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

  18. Architecture • One of the world’s most famous buildings, the Taj Mahal, is in India.  • A Muslim emperor built the white marble structure with towers and domes in the 1600s as a tomb for his beloved wife.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

  19. Architecture Other outstanding architectural works include mosques in Pakistan and Bangladesh and the Golden Temple of the Sikhs in Amritsar, India.  http://www.sikh.net/Gurdwara/GOLDEN/Golden.htm Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

  20. Architecture • In Bhutan, old fortified monasteries called dzong developed as centers for Buddhist learning and art. http://www.studyatusa.org/gallery/asiantrip/Bhutan/pages/dzong-bhutan%20015.html Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

  21. Music and Dance • Classical Indian dances are based on themes from Hindu mythology, and dance styles are different from each region.  • The style known as Bharata Natyam is mainly danced in the south by women, gorgeously dressed in bright silk saris and gold bracelets.  • It is long and elaborate, with complex hand gestures, rapid whirling, and stamping feet. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

  22. Music and Dance (cont.) • The Kathakali dances are from India’s west coast and are performed by dancers wearing huge, colorful masks and moving violently.  • The Manipuri is a gentle, swaying dance style from northeastern India.  • Indian classical music is divided into two basic types: Hindustani–practiced in the North–and Karnatak–practiced in the South.  • The melody is called the raga, and the rhythm is called the tala. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

  23. Literature • Two of India’s most famous works of literature are the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, epic poems composed between about 1500 B.C. and 500 B.C. • The Mahabharata includes a shorter work known as the Bhagavad Gita, meaning “the lord’s song,” that teaches people to fulfill their duties and not to fear death.  • India’s greatest modern writer was Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-16

  24. Literature (cont.) • Tagore wrote poetry, fiction, and drama in both Bengali and English, and he composed music, painted, and used his works to express a cultural and patriotic ferment.  • Modern writer, Muslim poet, and philosopher Muhammad Iqbal wrote extensively during the early 1900s and proposed the idea of Pakistan–a separate Muslim state for the subcontinent’s Muslims. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

  25. Movies • Today movies are the most popular form of entertainment in India and in Bangladesh.  • The Indian film industry produces more than 800 full-length films a year–more than any other country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

  26. PLACE Lifestyles • Lifestyles in South Asia are a complicated mixture of the traditional and the modern. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

  27. Urban and Rural Contrasts • The standard of living in the rural areas of South Asia is often low.  • Peasant farmers struggle to raise enough food to feed their families.  • Large extended families live in small villages and work on small farms nearby.  • In contrast, business leaders, industrialists, political leaders, and large landowners live in high-rise city apartments or small houses, drive cars, and enjoy the many cultural offerings. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-20

  28. Urban and Rural Contrasts (cont.) • Many of the cities’ other residents, however, live in the streets, spreading out their beds on the sidewalks each night or building flimsy shelters of bamboo. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-21

  29. Health • Because much of South Asia has a semitropical or tropical climate, diseases such as malaria and smallpox were once widespread.  • Sri Lanka was one of the first developing nations to eliminate malaria, a disease spread by mosquitoes.  • Nepal has also eradicated the disease through insect spraying programs.  • In Nepal, life expectancy is the shortest in the region–about 55 years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-22

  30. Health (cont.) • Only Sri Lanka with its life expectancy of 72 years approaches the rates of developed countries, where life expectancy exceeds 75 years. (is this related to the number of trees there?) • The availability of clean water is a problem in much of South Asia, and water-borne diseases, such as cholera and dysentery, are still common.  • In Nepal and Bangladesh, infant mortality is very high. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-23

  31. Food Needs • Almost one-third of the people do not get enough protein to eat because they are too poor to afford a variety of foods.  • In Nepal, government-sponsored reforms have taken farmland away from large landowners and put it in the hands of those who actually work it. The result has been increased production.  • Beginning in the 1960s, the Indian government began a many-sided campaign to increase the country’s food supply. It has been very successful. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-24

  32. Education • Improving education is essential to improving South Asia’s standard of living.  • In most areas of South Asia, about one-third of the people over the age of 15 can read and write.  • In Sri Lanka, the literacy rate is about 90 percent.  • The government of India is committed to expanding educational opportunities, and today’s literacy rate is twice what it was when the country first became an independent nation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

  33. Education (cont.) • Advances in education are also weakening the caste system, especially in the cities.  • Laws have been passed giving the lowest social class–the untouchables– the same rights as other people. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-26

  34. Celebrations • Hindu festivals, such as Diwali, the festival of lights, are joyous, colorful occasions marked by ancient symbols and community togetherness.  • Muslims celebrate a great day of visiting and feasting at the end of Ramadan, the month during which they abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk.  • Buddhists widely celebrate the birth of the Buddha, and Christians celebrate the traditional holidays of the Christian calendar. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-27

  35. In what part of India are the Dravidian languages spoken? The Dravidian languages are spoken in southern India. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3-Assessment 1

  36. How does unclean water affect the health of South Asians? Unclean water spreads diseases such as cholera and dysentery that contribute to the high infant mortality rate. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 3-Assessment 2

  37. End of Section 3

  38. Section 1 Summary • South Asia is an ethnically diverse area.  • Population density is greatest on the Indo-Gangetic Plain.  • Although most South Asians live in rural areas, an increasing number is migrating to the cities in search of work. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Summary 1

  39. Section 2 Summary • The Indus Valley was home to one of the world’s first great civilizations.  • Many peoples have conquered South Asia, from the Aryans to the British.  • Two of the world’s great religions–Hinduism and Buddhism–originated in South Asia.  • After World War II, the region achieved independence from the British Empire.  • Today most of the people of South Asia elect their leaders. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Summary 2

  40. Section 3 Summary • South Asians speak many different languages. India alone has 14 major languages and hundreds of dialects.  • The main religions of South Asia are Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism. People also practice Christianity, Jainism, and Sikhism.  • In most of South Asia the standard of living is low and life expectancy is short. There have been improvements, however, in health care and education in recent years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Summary 3

  41. The term for a Hindu social division is ___. jati Hindus believe that each person must follow his or her moral duty, or ______. dharma India’s ancient __________ consisted of four major groups. caste system Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment (1)

  42. ____ is the melody of Indian classical music. Raga _____ are Hindu teachers. Sadhu Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment (2)

  43. South Asia is home to what percentage of the world’s population? It is home to 22 percent of the world’s population. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (3)

  44. According to the Buddha, what is the result of desiring things? According to the Buddha, desiring things results in endless rebirth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (4)

  45. Why do so many South Asians fail to eat enough protein? They are too poor to afford a variety of foods. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Assessment (5)

  46. Match the letters on the map with the places of South Asia. 1. Thar Desert 2. Sri Lanka 3. New Delhi 4. Calcutta 5. Nepal 6. Indus River 7. Hindu Kush 8. Mumbai 9. Dhaka 10. Bhutan Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment (6)

  47. What problems contribute to a low standard of living in much of South Asia? Most of the people in rural areas are peasant farmers who must struggle to feed their families. In cities, millions live in the streets. The tropical climate and lack of clean water promote widespread diseases. Poor nutrition leads to a short life expectancy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Chapter Bonus

  48. End of Chapter Assessment

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