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Evolution of Warfare

Evolution of Warfare. Inter War Years & Marine Corps. Significance. League of Nations Rise of Hitler and Japan Emergence of the Mission Amphibious Warfare Doctrine Fleet Marine Force (FMF). Main Themes in WWI. Brutality of large scale warfare

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Evolution of Warfare

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  1. Evolution of Warfare Inter War Years & Marine Corps

  2. Significance • League of Nations • Rise of Hitler and Japan • Emergence of the Mission • Amphibious Warfare Doctrine • Fleet Marine Force (FMF)

  3. Main Themes in WWI • Brutality of large scale warfare • Modern weapons combined with antiquated tactics • Fully mobilized national economies • Singling out of civilians as legitmate targets • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • Violates freedom of the seas.

  4. Adolf Hitler • Born in Austira-1889 • Deserter from Austrian army • WWI: Corporal-messenger in trenches • Iron Cross • Blames WWI on Jews and Marxists

  5. Hitler (cont.) • After war joined espionage section of Armistice Army • 1923-34: Ran public conspiracy against Weimar Republic • Tried and imprisoned for treason • Wrote Mein Kampf • Chancellor of Germany by 1933

  6. Interwar Period • Interwar Period (1918-1939) • Anti-War Movement • Washington Naval Conference • Theorists of future war • Billy Mitchell (Air Power) • Liddell Hart (Armor) • Experimental Wars • Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939 • Japan in China, 1931 • Russo-Japanese border conflicts, 1939

  7. The 1920’s • US Policy – Isolationists • President Harding “normalcy” • Washington Conference • Non Fortification Clause • 5:5:3 Ratio • US, Britain and Japan Claims • Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty • 10 year holiday in capital ship construction • Scrapping program

  8. Composition of Forces • Land Forces • Interwar armies adjusted to peace according to where they finished in WWI • Victor closed eyes returned to pre-1914 • Conquered countries bettered Victors in inventing and perfection new weapons • Sea Forces • Principal Navies: US, Britain, Japan, France and Italy

  9. Composition of Forces • Air Forces • During interwar period air forces sought to achieve independent roles • Demonstrated potential military value • Technological advances slow until 1930’s

  10. Theorists • MGen J.F.C. Fuller & CAPT Hart • Theory of mechanized land warfare • Overcome battlefield deadlock • General Billy Mitchell • Ahead of his time: Saw airplane as way to defend America and attack enemy • Strategic bombing doctrine

  11. USMC in the 1920’s • Defense of Advance Bases • Marine Corps mission prior to 1920’s • Major General Lejuene • Congress • Marine Corps Schools • “New Body of Amphibious Doctrine”

  12. Major General Lejune • Established Marine Corps Schools • MCI, MCS Quantico(TBS), AWS, C&S • Established rapport with Congress • Civil war reenactments “dog & pony” • Master politician

  13. USMC in the 1920’s • Lieutenant Colonel Earl “Pete” Ellis • Work is prophetic • “Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia” • Strategic Operations • Tactics • War Plan Orange (OP PLAN 712)

  14. USMC in the 1920’s • Amphibious Exercises 1922-1925 • Culebra • Hawaii • Marines still carrying out other missions • China, Nicaragua, Haiti, U.S. Postal Service • Joint Board recognizes special ability and affinity of the United States Marine Corps • Establishment of Amphibious Role

  15. The 1930’s • US Policy remains Isolationists • Roosevelt, Hitler, Japan expansion • Great Depression • United States Marine Corps • Schools develop Doctrine - Gallipoli is “ The Center Piece” • Philosophy-organized fleet landing units

  16. December 1933 • SECNAV (Claude Swanson) and CMC (Major General John H. Russell) • Order 241 • Fleet Marine Force • Organization • Tentative Landing Operations Manual (9 January 1934) • Becomes Landing Operations Doctrine US Navy 1938

  17. Tentative Landing Operations Manual • Modern Military Theory • Established Essential Topics • CE • NGF • Ship to Shore • Beach Heads • Logistics & Communications • Embarkation • 6 Phases of Amphibious Operations Established

  18. Phases of Amphibious Operations. . . . • Planning • Embarkation • Rehearsal • Movement to Objective Area • Assault • Termination (objective secured) • PERMAT

  19. Main Themes in WWII • Combined Arms Warfare • Integration of multiple weapons systems to put the enemy in a dilemma • Maneuver Warfare (both land & sea) • Attack the enemy’s weakness, find gaps. • Identify and eliminate the enemy’s center of gravity • Information Weapons • Radar, Cryptography

  20. Second World War 1939-1940 • Blitzkrieg - Modern Maneuver Warfare • Large, Independent Armor Formations • Surfaces & Gaps • Large Scale Use of Air Forces • Strategic Bombing • Close Air Support • Battles for Air Supremacy • Ascendancy of the Aircraft Carrier

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