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Musical structure and emotional expression

This study, featured in "Music and Emotion," investigates how various elements of musical structure—such as tempo, mode, loudness, pitch, melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre—impact emotional responses. Using both free phenomenological descriptions and multivariate analysis techniques, the researchers analyze real music and synthesized sequences to uncover patterns in emotional expression linked to specific musical characteristics. The findings illustrate how different structural factors evoke distinct emotional states, offering insights into the complex relationship between music and emotion.

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Musical structure and emotional expression

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  1. Musical structure and emotional expression Gabrielsson, A. & Lindtröm, E. (2001). The influence of musical structure and emotional expression. In In: P.N. Juslin & J.A. Sloboda (Eds)(2001). Music and Emotion, OUP, Chapter 11

  2. Methodological approaches • Free phenomenological descriptions • Choice among descriptive terms, adjectives, or nouns, provided by the investigator • Ratings how well such descriptive terms applied to the music in question

  3. Emotional expression using real music • Free descriptions and choice among descriptive terms • Ratings and multivariate analysis techniques • Continuous recordings of emotional expressions • Non-verbal responses • Specially composed music

  4. Manipulation of structural factors without musical context • Intervals • Mode • Rhythm and tempo • Melodic properties • Synthesized tone sequences

  5. Manipulation of structural factors in musical context

  6. Tempo Mode Loudness Pitch Intervals Melody melodic range melodic direction (pitch contour melodic motion Harmony Tonality Rhythm Timbre Articulation Amplitude envelope Musical form Effects of separate musical factors

  7. Tempo • fast: activity/excitement; happiness/joy/pleasantness; potency; surprise; anger; fear • slow: calmness/serenity; dignity/solemnity; sadness; tenderness; boredom; disgust

  8. Mode • major: happiness/joy; graceful, serene; solemn; • minor: sadness; dreamy; dignified; tension; disgust; anger

  9. Loudness • loud: intensity/power; tension; anger; joy • soft: softness; tenderness; sadness; solemnity; fear

  10. Pitch • high: happy; graceful; serene; dreamy; exciting; surprise; potency; anger; fear; activity • low: sadness; dignity/solemnity; vigor; excitement; boredom; pleasantness • large pitch variation: happiness; pleasantness; activity; surprise • small pitch variation: disgust; anger; fear; boredom

  11. Melodic range • wide: joy; whimsicality; uneasiness • narrow: sad; dignified; sentimental; tranquil; delicate; triumphant

  12. Melodic direction • ascending: dignity; serenity; tension; happiness; fear; surprise; anger; potency • descending: exciting; graceful; vigorous; sadness; boredom; pleasantness

  13. Harmony • simple and consonant: happy/gay; relaxed; graceful; serene; dreamy; dignified; majestic • complex and dissonant: excitement; tension; vigor; anger; sadness; unplesantness

  14. Tonality • chromatic harmony: sad; angry • tonal: joyful; dull; peaceful • atonal: angry

  15. Rhythm • regular/smooth: happiness; dignity; majesty; peace • irregular/rough: amusement; uneasiness; anger • varied: joy • firm: sadness; dignity; vigor • flowing/fluent: happy/gay; graceful; dreamy; serene

  16. Timbre • many harmonics: potency; anger; disgust; fear; activity; surprise • amplified higher harmonics: anger • few, low harmonics: pleasantness; boredom; happiness • suppressed higher harmonics: tenderness; sadness

  17. Articulation • staccato: gaiety; energy; activity; fear; anger • legato: sadness; tenderness; solemnity; softness

  18. Amplitude envelope • (refers to the type of attack and decay of tones) • sharp envelope (rapid attack and decay): anger; happiness; surprise; activity • round: tenderness; sadness; fear; disgust; boredom; potency

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