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Part 8

Visceral Function Regulated by Nervous System. Part 8. Autonomic Nervous System(ANS). Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system. Function of Autonomic Nervous System- -- Change Visceral Functions. T 1 - L 2 - 3. Sympathetic Nerve. Preganglionic fiber

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Part 8

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  1. Visceral Function Regulated by Nervous System Part 8

  2. Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system

  3. Function of Autonomic Nervous System---Change Visceral Functions

  4. T1- L2-3

  5. Sympathetic Nerve • Preganglionic fiber • Postganglionic fiber

  6. Parasympathetic Nerve • Ⅲ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ cranial nerve • S2-4

  7. Parasympathetic Nerve • Preganglionic fiber • Postganglionic fiber

  8. Function of autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

  9. Functional properties of autonomic nervous system • Tonic innervation • Dual innervation to the same effector • Influence by the functional status of effector • Significance to the regulation of physiological function

  10. Central Nervous System Regulation to Visceral Activity • Spinal cord • Lower brain stem • Hypothalamus • Limbic cortex

  11. Spinal Cord • Visceral reflexes • Micturition reflex • Defecation reflex

  12. Lower Brain Stem • Autonomic centers • Cardiovascular regulatory center • Respiratory center • Pneumotaxic center

  13. Hypothalamus

  14. Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of Hypothalamus • Regulation of body temperature • PO/AH (the preoptic area) • Regulation of body water • Thirst center • Supraoptic nucleus: ADH • Cardiovascular regulation

  15. Gastrointestinal and feeding regulation • Ventromedial nucleus: satiety center • Lateral hypothalamic area: feeding center

  16. Hypothalamic control of endocrine hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland

  17. Controlling biorhythm • Suprachiasmatic nucleus • Circadian rhythm

  18. Limbic lobe and limbic system

  19. Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior and Emotion What is instinctual behavior? What is emotion?

  20. Instinctual behavior • Feeding behavior • Drinking behavior • Sexual behavior

  21. Importance of Reward and Punishment in Behavior • Controllers of bodily activities, drives, aversions and motivations • Habituation versus reinforcement (for learning and memory) • Selecting the information that we learn • 1% retention

  22. Learning and Memory Part 9

  23. Learning and Memory Learning: Acquisition and formation of new information. Memory: Retention and retrieval of learned information. (Hebb,1949)

  24. Types of Learning • Non-associative learning • Habituation • Sensitization • Associative learning • Classical Conditioned reflex • Operated conditioned reflex • Second signaling system

  25. Types of Memory • Declarative memory for facts • Easy to acquire • Easy to lose • Procedural memory (reflexive memory) for skills or behaviour • Hard to acquire • Hard to lose

  26. Processes of Memory • Sensory memory • seconds • Short-term memory (working memory) • seconds-mins • Long-term memory • Intermediate-term memory mins-hours • The second memory mins-years • The third memory for ever

  27. Transfer of Memory

  28. Mechanisms of Learning • “Sensitization” of synaptic transmission- Positive memory • “Habituation” of synaptic transmission- Negative memory

  29. Mechanisms of Memory • Synaptic plasticity • Memories are caused by changes in the sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity • The changes cause new pathways(memory traces) or facilitated pathways to develop for transmission of signals through the neural circuit of the brain

  30. Synaptic Plasticity • Function plasticity • Long-term potentiation, LTP • Long-term depression, LTD • Structure plasticity

  31. Role of Hippocampus in Memory Process • Promoting storage of memories

  32. LTP Normal synapse Ca/CaM PKC c-Fos c-Jun Functional Plasticity in Hippocampus • LTP • LTD • NMDA receptor and “smart mouse”

  33. Axon Terminals Astro Dendritic Spine Dendritic Spine Dendritic Spine Astro Astro

  34. Location Receptor Before After DG/CA1 NMDA CA3 Adrenergic a larger spine head, shorter neck

  35. Amnesia • Loss of memory • Amnesia • Anterograde amnesia-hippocampal lesions • Retrograde amnesia- Who Am I?

  36. Language Function of the Brain Part 10

  37. Dominant Hemisphere • Definition • The general interpretative function of Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus as well as the functions of the speech and motor control areas are usually much more highly developed in one cerebral hemisphere than in the other. • This hemisphere is called the dominant hemisphere ---left (95%)

  38. Left hemisphere • Broca’s area: speech and motor control areas • Wernicke’ area: for language comprehension • Angular gyrus: for initial processing of visual language (reading), i.e., interpretation of visual information • Language-based intellectual functions: basal ganglia

  39. Left hemisphere

  40. Disorders of Language Function • Motor aphasia • Broca area (S) • Sensory aphasia • H area • Alexia • V area • Agraphia • W area

  41. Electric Activity of the Brain Part 11

  42. Spontaneous electric activity of the brain (EEG) • Non-specific projection system • Evoked cortical potential • An evoked potential is any change in the voltages of a subject's scalp induced by a change in their sensory input • Specific projection system

  43. Electroencephalogram (EEG)Electrocorticogram (ECoG)

  44. Measurement of EEG The international 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958)

  45. Measurement of EEG

  46. Mechanism of EEG • Summation of post-synaptic potentials • Synchronization or desynchronization • Non-specific projection system

  47. Wakefulness and Sleep Part 12

  48. Sleep • Definition • Unconsciousness from which the person can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli

  49. Time Needed for Sleep • Adult--7~9h • Infant--18~20h • Children--12~14h • Senior--5~7h

  50. Types of Sleep • 1. Slow wave sleep (SWS) • The brain waves are large and slow • 2. Fast wave sleep (FWS) • Paradoxical sleep (PS) • Rapid eye movements (REM)---rapid movements of eyes when one is asleep

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