Please put all cells phones away

1. Please put all cells phones away

2. Announcements • Have you logged into Canvas? • Have you taken the Syllabus Quiz? • After you earn 90% on the Syllabus Quiz you can take the Excel Quiz – wait until you have learned about plotting to take the Excel quiz • Set your correct email in Canvas • Bring $30 to lab as a deposit for your clicker

3. The World Energy Challenge: A Very Brief Overview Engr 10

4. With your neighbor discuss • What are fossil fuels? • Why are they important? • Are they renewable? • Approx. what % of world energy use is fossil fuels?

5. What do you already know? Approximately what % of world energy use is fossil fuels? • 20% • 50% • 65% • 85% • 98%

6. World Energy Consumptionby Fuel Type (1990 – 2035) Today

8. World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type (2010 - 2040)

9. Demand for Energy Will Continue to Grow Today

10. 2013 Oil billion At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 53 years. 229.6 42.1 147.8 808.5 329.6 130.3 Source of reserves data: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

11. What have you heard about the Keystone pipeline? Meclee: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keystone-pipeline-route.png

12. 2013 Coal At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 113 years. 245 288.3 1.1 14.6 31.8 310.5 Source of reserves data: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

13. Natural Gas 2013 At our current rate of usage, these reserves would last 55 years. 16.2 56.6 7.7 14.2 11.7 80.3 Source of reserves data: World Energy Resources 2013 Survey, World Energy Council.

14. Fossil Fuel Depletion Good News • Continually finding new fossil fuel deposits • Many known, but untapped deposits Bad News • Fossil fuels, esp. oil and natural gas, will not last forever. • Even before they run out, as demand grows and availability shrinks, prices will skyrocket.

16. BBC News – 13 Jun 2014 What is the price of oil per barrel today?

17. Alternatives have risks too August 29, 2011 – Due to Virginia Earthquake North Anna Unit 1 is currently in Cold Shutdown with the Residual Heat Removal System providing core cooling. North Anna Unit 2 is currently in Hot Shutdown and will be taken to Cold Shutdown with the Residual Heat Removal System providing core cooling. June 6, 2011 – Due to March 11 Japan Earthquake Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant experienced full meltdowns at three reactors in the wake of an earthquake and tsunami in March, the country's Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters said Monday. (note almost one year later, still evacuated)

18. What do you already know? Which country is the #1 source of oil imports for the U.S.? • Russia • Saudi Arabia • Canada • Mexico • Venezuela

19. Energy Independence U.S. oil imports - 2013 (in 1,000s barrels/day) =7+ million bbl/day (~50% daily use) If the U.S. produced its own energy: • more stable price • less dependence on countries with unpredictable political situations http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/imports/companylevel/

20. Fossil Fuel Challenges Non-renewable Depleting resources Increasing demand Is that all? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gulf_Offshore_Platform.jpg

21. Air Pollution Burning fossil fuels causes air pollution from waste products • Particulates: small bits of burned fuel, causing smog • Ozone: nitrogen oxide & other gases react to create ozone near the earth’s surface • Sulfur dioxide: causing acid rain • Carbon monoxide: displaces O2 in blood, deprives brain, heart, etc. of O2

22. Air Pollution Causes Health Problems • Short Term • Can irritate the eyes, throat, and lungs • Bronchitis or pneumonia • Can aggrevate asthma • Long Term • Chronic respiratory disease • Lung cancer • Heart disease http://familydoctor.org/online/famdocen/home/common/asthma/triggers/085.html http://www.edf.org/page.cfm?tagID=6067

23. Air Pollution Causes Environmental Damage • Acid rain • Kill plants • Kill fish • Prevent fish eggs from hatching • Ruin soil – nothing grows • Damage to buildings/monuments • Crop damage due to ozone (O3) smog - $ billions/year Trees killed by acid rain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Waldschaeden_Erzgebirge_3.jpg

24. Fossil Fuel Extraction Causes Environmental Damage • Adverse environmental effects due to drilling, leakages, and spills include • Surface and ground water pollution • Drilling fluid (called mud) releases • Land subsidence • Land and wildlife disruption • Oil spills http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2387 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oiled_bird_3.jpg http://www.masstech.org/cleanenergy/important/envother.htm

25. Clean Air Act – We’re getting better! • Clean Air Act - resulted in significant improvements in the U.S. • Pollution 20 cars today = 1 car from 1960’s • Emissions reduced: CO by 33%, sulfur dioxide by 38%, volatile organic compounds by 42%, particulate matter by 75%, lead by 98% • Overall air pollution reduction approximately 48% • Hot spots of bad air pollution still exist http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html

26. It’s Not All Good News Many developing countries do not yet have strict pollution regulations in place, and pollution is significantly worse than in the U.S. Beijing Mumbai Baku, Azerbaijan http://www.dispatchesfromchina.com/2010/06/pass_the_mask.html http://blog.sustainablog.org/do-cities-located-by-the-water-have-a-sustainability-advantage/

27. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse glass allows short wavelength radiation from the sun to transmit through. It reflects most of the long wavelength radiation emitted by everything inside the greenhouse, trapping heat inside. • Greenhouse gases have this same effect, causing our world to be warm.

28. Global Warming • The theory behind global warming - an increase in certain gases will cause more heat to be reflected, increasing the atmosphere’s temperature. • Burning of fossil fuels produces significant amounts of these greenhouse gases • Conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of 1,300 scientific experts from many countries: • Greater than 90% chance that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet

29. Can You Name The Main Greenhouse Gases?

30. GHGs in Atmosphere • Water Vapor (H2O) • 36%-72% • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Fluorocarbons (CFCs) • Ozone (O3) • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) http://nlc-echs-groupthree.co.uk/greenhousegasses.aspx

31. Correlation Between CO2 and Temperature http://www.climatechoices.org.uk/pages/cchange3.htm

32. Correlation Between CO2 and Temperature Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences: Global Warming Facts and Our Futures, originally provided to that site by Kurt Cuffey, University of California, Berkely.

33. A climate model that includes both natural processes and human activities closely matches actual measurements of 20th-century temperatures http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical06.jsp The same climate model without human activity (natural processes only) does not match the strong warming observed during the past few decades.

34. Why So Much Disagreement? • Heat Island Effect • Many temperature sensors for collecting long-term data originally were in the country. As cities have grown, sensors now are in the city. Temperatures are higher in the city (example: walking in a parking lot on a hot day). • It is difficult to model this in climate change predictions. Result→ a lot of uncertainty in long-term temperature trends. Satellite data are more accurate, but are not available for that long of a period. http://www.epa.gov/heatisld/images/UHI_profile-rev-big.gif

35. Why So Much Disagreement? • Predicted temperature increases tend to be within (or close to within) the uncertainty of computer models. • Many causes interact, making it difficult to say with certainty what causes what. Computer models must be simplified significantly and cannot take all interacting parameters into account.

36. Petition Project • About 32,000 American scientists (9000+ with PhDs) signed a petition saying that no scientific evidence exists that man-made GHG emissions have had a significant effect on Earth’s temperature. • Here are several figures from a published paper that this project references. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php

37. Petition Project, cont. http://www.petitionproject.org/review_article.php

38. So, Who’s Right?? • Many of your professors have strong opinions on this matter, you should do the research to form an informed opinion of your own. • Here are two links, on either side of the issue, to get started. Both links refer to scientific data and make clear, reasoned arguments • http://climate.nasa.gov/ • http://www.petitionproject.org/gw_article/Review_Article_HTML.php

39. Your Opinion • Based on what you know today, do you believe that man-made global warming is occurring? • Yes • No

40. Your Opinion Over the next 30 years, which of the following do you think will be the most important solution to the energy crisis? • Energy conservation • Increased drilling for fossil fuels • Alternative energy sources

41. Possible Solutions to the Energy Crisis • More drilling for/excavation of fossil fuels • Invest in technologies to improve efficiency and reduce emissions from the burning of fossil fuels • The best energy source - conservation! • In the long term, we may need to make significant lifestyle changes as the world energy demand grows. • Invest in alternative energy sources Engineers will be needed for all of these solutions!