1935 lynching of Rubin Stacy in Fort Lauderdale, Florida

1. Ku Klux Klan rally outside of Lincoln, Nebraska, July 16, 1923, by L. W. Cook. Source - Art Kuhr Collection.

2. 1935 lynching of Rubin Stacy in Fort Lauderdale, Florida Click here for movie

3. Click here for the YouTube video Rodney King 1991 Los Angelos

4. Found on the Internet, June 2008 I can get you their e-mail address complete with application form to join up if you want. Based in the U.S.A,

5. Civil Rights: rights that a nation's inhabitants enjoy by law. In the United States civil rights are usually thought of in terms of the specific rights guaranteed in the Constitution: freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, and the rights to due process of law and to equal protection under the law Human Rights: certain universal rights many argue should be enjoyed by all people because they are justified by a moral standard that stands above the laws of any individual nation

6. Human Rights (page 215 Student Workbook) When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!” Martin Luther King's I Have A Dream Speech

7. 1950’s America…the good old days!

9. But if you were black you couldn’t go to school here until 1957 Central High, Little Rock Arkansas

10. A bus station in Durham, North Carolina, in May 1940. The Civil Rights Movement in the United States Page 215

11. Segregation (specifically in southern U.S.) meant… Jim Crow (1876 - 1965) ‘separate but equal’ laws restricted black to separate facilities (buses, restaurants, park benches, schools) Poll tax and literacy tests disenfranchised blacks KKK terrorized blacks Blacks lived in ghettos Law enforcement favoured whites Even in the North Blacks lower socio-economic status

12. 1, Factors which started the civil rights movement… A. 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education*** -Supreme Court Rules to desegregate schools -i.e. segregated schools unconstitutional, eventually all areas e.g. buses to be desegregated B. John F. Kennedy (President 1961 - 1963) ‘For in the final analysis, our most basic common link, is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe the same air, we all cherish our children's futures, and we are all mortal.’ -John F. Kennedy, Speech at The American University, Washington, D.C., June 10, 1963 1962 Civil Rights Bill - "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for the right to vote."

14. The counterculture (an example of a mass movement) -The Hippies became the largest countercultural group in the United States, fighting for racial equality, women's rights, sexual liberation (including gay rights), relaxation of prohibitions against recreational drugs, and an end to the Vietnam War. Woodstock, 1969

16. 1970

17. D. Martin Luther King Jr. 1955 Rosa Parks (& the Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott) Rosa Parks Was Arrested for Civil Disobedience December 1, 1955 (Click here for more info.)

18. Professional sport personalities… Cassius Clay change his name to Mohammed Ali on Why? Which group did he join? Jackie Robinson - 1947

19. Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964, subsequently converted to Sunni Islam in 1975 and then Sufism. Click here for more pics "No intelligent black man or black woman in his or her right black mind wants white boys and white girls coming to their homes to marry their black sons and daughters.” 1966 "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong ... They never called me nigger." Head and shoulders above: Cassius Clay received the light-heavyweight gold medal at the 1960 Rome Olympics. "I am the greatest": Clay cannot be contained as he wins the world heavyweight championship from Sonny Liston in 1964

20. 2. Improvements 1954 U.S. Supreme Court declares segregation unconstitutional Remember Brown vs. Board of Education Eisenhower sends troops to Central High in Little Rock to uphold integration Remember the Little Rock Nine? No? Let me show you… Elizabeth Eckford, one of the Little Rock Nine, walking to school

21. September 23 - Little Rock police officers and over 1,000 integration protestors surround the school in anticipation of the black students’ attempt to enter the school. The police escort the students into the high school’s side door unnoticed. Outside, the mob learns of the students’ entrance and becomes angry and aggressive. They begin to challenge the police officers. Fearful the crowd will get out of control, the school administration moves the black students out a side door before noon. September 24 - U.S. Congressman Brooks Hays and Little Rock Mayor Woodrow Mann ask the federal government for help via a telegram to President Dwight Eisenhower. President Eisenhower displaces between 1,100 and 1,200 federal troops of the 101st Airborne Division and places 10,000 National Guardsmen on duty. September 25 – The Little Rock Nine, under protection from federal troops, enter Central High School through the front entrance. Aggressive white mobs verbally chastise the students and physically harm black reporters in the crowd covering the affair. The event is seen around the world.

22. ’A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching
spiritual death.’

 Martin Luther King, Jr., Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?, 1967. Click here for ‘Knock at Midnight’ video Click here for ‘I Have a Dream’ video. I’d show them, but they’re on YouTube.

23. Martin Luther King Jr. 1955 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery, Alabamal bus boycott 1963 Led civil rights protest march on Washington. -’I Have a Dream’ or ’Let Freedom Ring’ speech 1967 Nobel Peace Prize 1968 Assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee All his work was non-violent resistance. E.g. sit-ins, boycotts King made a request that at his funeral no mention of his awards and honors be made, but that it be said that he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right on the [Vietnam] war question", and "love and serve humanity"

25. John F. Kennedy Remember the Civil Rights Bill of 1962? Who introduced it? When did he die? Confused? Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 1964 Civil Rights Act (immediate impact: it increased integration and amount of black voters) 1965 Voting Rights Act eliminates Literacy Test What affect did the Viet Nam war have on the ‘Great Society’?

26. ‘Burn Baby Burn’ Black Power -Race Riots, Malcom X (assassinated 1965), Black Panthers For more images click here Why ‘x’?

27. Remember: King and X very different means. X did not found Black Panthers. Do you know the difference between civil and human rights? 1964

28. On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

29. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. ‘It is difficult to imagine today just what a fundamental shift the Universal Declaration of Human Rights represented when it was adopted sixty years ago. In a post-war world scarred by the Holocaust, divided by colonialism and wracked by inequality, a charter setting out the first global and solemn commitment to the inherent dignity and equality of all human beings, regardless of colour, creed or origin, was a bold and daring undertaking.’ -High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour

30. 1948 apartheid enshrined in law in South Africa. But let’s back up a little…

31. But this is 1978! I thought we were backing up a little!

33. South Africa -colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. -English dominated the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners). -resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. -discovery of diamonds c. 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. -Following independence from England, uneasy power-sharing between the two groups until 1940's -Afrikaner National Party gain a strong majority, party invents apartheid to cement control over the economic and social system. -Initially apartheid to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' executed emphasizing territorial separation and police repression.

34. 1950 Population Registration Act requires all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). (coloured category includes major subgroups of Indians and Asians.) 1951 Bantu Authorities Act establishes African reserves or ``homelands.'' -All political rights, including voting, held by an African restricted to designated homeland. -An African now citizen of the homeland, losing their citizenship (read political power). -South African Parliament retains complete hegemony over homelands. -1976 to 1981, four homelands created, denationalizing nine million South Africans. -Africans living in homelands need passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country.

35. Africans are participating in their history too… 1911 Pixley ka Isaka Seme calls on Africans to forget past differences and unite in one national organization. "We are one people. these divisions, these jealousies, are the cause of all our woes today.” January 8th 1912, chiefs, representatives of people's and church organizations, and other prominent individuals form the African National Congress. ANC’s declared aim to bring all (South) Africans together to defend their rights and freedoms. 1940’s Renewed calls for African Nationalism (Nelson Mandela) 1950’s Defiance Campaign (Against Pass Laws) 1960’s Rising militantism/violence

36. 1960 South African police open fire on crowd of 5000 - 7000 offering themselves for arrest for not carrying passbook. 69 killed, 180 injured - most shot in the back. Sharpeville Massacre Massacre a key catalyst in shift from passive to armed resistance.

37. June 16 is Youth Day in South Africa 12 year old Hector Pieterson

38. June 16 1976 Soweto Uprising -Students protest against being taught in Afrikaans -estimated deaths 200 - 600, casualties 1000+

39. Nelson Mandela 1918 Born 1943 Joins ANC 1960 ANC Banned Q. Because of? 1964 Convicted of Sabotoge and Treason 1990 Released 1990 F. W deKlerk Lifts ban on ANC 1991 Leader of ANC 1993 deKlerk and Mandela win Nobel Peace Prize ANC wins 242 of 400 seats ‘We must use time wisely and forever realize that the time is always ripe to do right.’

40. International Pressure against Apartheid Keywords: Sanctions, Boycotts, Sports