1 / 33

Major Issues in Mekong Development

Major Issues in Mekong Development. Issues for: Top of the LMB Basin. Physical Facts Socio economic Factors: ( Needs ) Current & potentials uses of MK resources Issues facing those in the upper LMB Who are affected ? ( via various allocation of resources ?). 1. Physical facts.

tuyen
Télécharger la présentation

Major Issues in Mekong Development

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Major Issues in Mekong Development

  2. Issues for: Top of the LMB Basin • Physical Facts • Socio economic Factors: (Needs ) • Current & potentials uses of MK resources • Issues facing those in the upper LMB • Who are affected ? ( via various allocation of resources ?)

  3. 1. Physical facts Water Contribution: Upper Mekong (18%) Lower Mekong (82%)

  4. Lower Mekong water balance 2 INDEPENDENT STATES: LAOS & THAILAND The top part LMB contribute 53% of the total inflow The largest proportion of flow is from the left bank tributaries in Laos ( 35%)

  5. The Top of LMB - Left bank: largely mountainous w/ high peaks, steep land. Forest cover. Rich ecosystem intact. Very lightly population. One of the least developed region. -Right bank: Plateau, largely agriculture ( 80+ % of all land) highly populated. Fishery resources

  6. 2. SOCIAL/Economic factors: Demand

  7. Social/ EconomicPopulation Thai LMB 22 mil (of 63 mil) Laos 5.5 mil

  8. Population

  9. Economic growth Social/Economic factors: Drivers/ needs L& T economies of different types. • Laos heavy Nat. resources-dependence ( Ag. 53% of GDP) Poverty ~40%. Largely rural. Advantage in forestry & Hydro Power. 2. Thailand. Diverse economy( Ag. 16% of GDP) light, agro industry.Advt. In value added & quality products. Export throughout the region. MK sources users

  10. Different planning perspectives. Different expectation of BDP T. national agenda/priorities dominates the regional (NE/N ->parts in the LMB). Laos LMB part is the country. Macro-economic Context

  11. Resources Uses & trend for Top Of LMB • Hydro power generation • Irrigated /agriculture • In stream need: fishery resources, Ecological health, Habitat protection, Biodiversity, Pollution control, Navigation

  12. Uses for hydropower: Total cap of MKB is 43,000 MW UMB: 23,000 LMB: 30,000 MW Of the LMB 13,000 in Laos PDR, 13,000 in mainstream. Total installed capacity Now: UMB: 2850 MW LMB: 1800 MW

  13. Nam Ngum Dam - Lao PDR Major Dams Lao PDR: • Nam Ngum 1971 • Nam Theun-Hinboun 1998 • Nam Leuk 1999 • Xeset 1991 • Huay Ho 1999

  14. Pak Mun Dam - Thailand Major Dams Thailand: • Ubol Ratana 1965 • Nam Pung 1966 • Sirindhorn 1970 • Chulaphon 1972 • Pak Mun 1994

  15. Hydropower • Current installed capacity: • 16 dams ( Thailand 11 & Laos 5) • Of these 10 are hydro power w/ Cap 815 MW (L 607MW & T 260 MW) • Nearly 400+ Mw from Laos sold Thailand • Planned dams ( 2008-2016) • 14 dams in Laos energy export =4900 MW • 5 PJ of 3000 MW to Thailand • 7 PJ of 1900 MW to Vietnam Nam Ngum Dam - Lao PDR

  16. MK resources use: hydro power • Thailand sources of energy ( 97,000) • 15 % hydro power

  17. Energy requirement ( GWH)

  18. Trading partners in energy & hydropower From 2008-2020 Thailand: 7,400 MW From Loas 3700 MW (Hy) 700 MW (Lg) From Yunan 3000 MW ( Jinghong) Vietnam: 4,500 MW From Laos 2500 MW ( S) From Yunan 2000 MW ( Hanoi) Cambodia From Thailand: 90 MW

  19. 80% 60% 40% 20% Area Production Irrigation Changes in paddy areas & production 1990- 2000 Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand Viet Nam

  20. Irrigation growth Total dry season irrigated cropped areas(ha) Current: Upper LMB 0.4 mil ha, Lower LMB 3.50 mil ha

  21. Irrigation growth Irrigated dry season crop area

  22. Irrigation growth Irrigated dry season crop area

  23. Irrigation • Total regulation rate whole MKB is 2.5 %of annual flow volume • Thailand: • 10 large scale dams for irrigation w/cap for 240,000 ha. ( ?) • Total effective storage of 5460 mil. M3.(7% mean annual flow in Thailand) • Laos: • total effective storage of 5,200 mil m3. • Irrigate 160,000 ha POTENTIAL FOR EXPANSION OF IRRGATED AGRICULTURE ?

  24. Instream needs Fisheries resources Food security and local livelihood * Over 900,000 tons fresh water fish caught/ year in Laos & Thailand (133,000 /790,000 tons) *Fish Main protein intake for rural house holds/poor.Appx. 71% HH in L ( 2.7 mil) depend on fish & forestry Resources as livelihood main strategy 26-30 kg/h/y- Laos 30-45 kg/h/y-NE Thailand

  25. Instream needs Ecological health Habitat protection Bio-diversity Pollution controls

  26. Instream needs River transport and navigation The Mekong artery – protected under the 1995 Agreement

  27. Agro-industry - Aquaculture Fish hatchery

  28. Meeting the needs Keeping the balance

  29. Issues for the top of LMB #1 • The 2 counties are energy trading partners ( Thailand a prominent customer) with mutual gain & benefits. • Thailand get clean / inexpensive energy sources. • Laos PDR gets needed foreign exchanges -government revenue for macro economic development • MK water importance for irrigated agriculture. Laos-> potential for expansion, Thailand some expansion & intensification • Fishery resources are important base for their rural population's livelihood support/ food security. • Laos main livelihood strategy. • Thailand cushioning /safety net when all else fell in industrial sector

  30. Nam Ngum Dam - Lao PDR Issues for the top of LMB #2 • Issue of poverty ( esp. Loas) government need to earn more revenue to improve quality of life for its people-to give better basic social services. • Laos has wealth in natural resources -a important earning potential

  31. Issues for the top of LMB #2 • Maintaining Assets: Left bank ( Laos) has rich pristine N. Resources - largely in tact- important assets for country, MK region and some for the world & mankind. • Unique ecosystem which supports diverse species of plants and animal which are rare & global significance • Pool of precious Genetic resources ( e.g. medicine) might not be found anywhere else. • Complex of rich wetlands & ecology which regulates the functioning of the MK system, services of nature that support other economic productivities which we depend on. • Hydro power & forestry exploitation are " prime earners" for Laos. Dilemma: How to earn & develop and not losing the assets above??

  32. Issues for the top of LMB #2 • Forest cover loss ( shifting cultivation L ) • Thailandface rapidly Increasing energy demand - looking for supplying sources OUTSIDE the country • Delicate balance between needs/ priorities of Thailand ( as a whole state) and the people living of its LMB regions (The poorest part on the country - 60% of the poor here) Sometimes these needs are not the same. • Thailand decentralize industry /growth center to NE & N. We expect increasing urbanization in NE (EW Corridor) more water demand & control waste / pollution. • Pollution from existing agro industry - inadequate law enforcement/ monitoring.

  33. Issues for the top of LMB #2 • Irrigated intensification farming for export- how far do we go? High investment cost. High dose of chemicals. Good for export, but net benefit farmers? Risk market price & IN DEBTEDNESS ( 90%) & environmental cost ( not accounted for ) • Thailand - drastic decrease of fish /edible animals ( species & quantity) due to high dose of farm chemicals in farm ( & due to reservoir /storage scheme) • How to ensure that country macro gain is also local Gain- not local burden. How to ensure fruits of development are shared fairly for those who lost their life base? • Balancing act when dealing with China on Nat.MK resources use ( Navigation) - need cooperation, but not taken advantage of us.

More Related