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Learn about the key concepts of diffusion and osmosis, including their definitions, differences, and importance in cellular function. Explore the effects of different solutions on animal and plant cells and discover the role of aquaporins in water transport. Delve into the world of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, and understand their structures and relationships to water. Gain insights into the organization and function of organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
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Jeopardy Diffusion Transport Organelles Membranes Molecules Chemistry Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $300 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $400 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500 Q $500
$100 Question: Diffusion and Osmosis Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.
$100 Answer: Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
$200 Question: Diffusion and Osmosis Which of the following is better for animal cells: being in a hypotonic solution; being in a hypertonic solution; or being in an isotonic solution?
$200 Answer: Diffusion and Osmosis Being in an isotonic solution. Both hypotonic and hypertonic solutions lead to cell death for animal cells because water would flow into cells in a hypotonic solution and out of cells in a hypertonic solution.
$300 Question: Diffusion and Osmosis Why are cells small? Explain in terms of diffusion, surface area and cell size.
$300 Answer: Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion is a slow process. Diffusion into larger cells would take too long to transport materials in and out of the cell. Cells with limited surface area compared to their volume would not be able to obtain nutrients/O2, or excrete waste quickly enough.
$400 Question: Diffusion and Osmosis Compare the effect of putting an animal cell and a plant cell into a hypotonic solution.
$400 Answer: Diffusion and Osmosis Water moves into both cells. The plant cell will swell, but won’t burst because of the plant cell wall. The animal cell will burst, because it does not have a cell wall.
$500 Question: Diffusion and Osmosis Two scientists won the 2003 Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on aquaporins, protein channels that allow water to diffuse into the cell. Explain why water must move into the cell through aquaporins and what kind of transport this constitutes.
$500 Answer: Diffusion and Osmosis Water is polar, so cannot diffuse across the membrane easily, since it is repelled by the hydrophobic lipid tails of the phospholipids. It has to go through protein channels, which have a hydrophilic region, as a form of facilitated diffusion, since it doesn’t require energy and moves from areas of high to low concentrations of water.
$100 Question: Biomolecules What are carbohydrates? How can you identify a carbohydrate?
$100 Answer: Biomolecules Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, including sugars. In carbs, each carbon will have an oxygen attached to it.
$200 Question: Biomolecules What class of molecule does the following belong to? How do you know?
$200 Answer: Biomolecules The molecule is a steroid, specifically a lipid. You know because of the ‘honeycomb structure’ with lots of carbon and hydrogen, making it a lipid and a hydrocarbon! Lipids are hydrophobic because they are hydrocarbons.
$300 Question: Biomolecules Identify the class of molecule the following belongs to: Is this molecule hydrophobic or hydrophilic? How do you know?
$300 Answer: Biomolecules This molecule is an amino acid. You can tell from the nitrogen and hydrogens on one side (amine group) and the carbon and two oxygens on the other side (carboxyl group), with the carbon in the middle and the R group below. All amino acids have this arrangement. This amino acid is hydrophilic because its R group contains two oxygens and is charged, making it polar.
$400 Question: Biomolecules What is the difference (in terms of structure) between carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids? How does this relate to their relationship to water?
$400 Answer: Biomolecules Lipids generally have very little or oxygen, while carbs have an oxygen on each carbon. Amino acids always contain nitrogen, as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Lipids tend to be hydrophobic, because they don’t tend to have much oxygen; carbs tend to be hydrophilic because they have a lot of oxygen; amino acids can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their R groups.
$500 Question: Biomolecules Proteins are chains of amino acids. When linked together, some parts of the protein will face toward water and other parts of the protein will hide from water. Describe why this occurs and what the consequence of changing one of the amino acids in the protein could be.
$500 Answer: Biomolecules Some amino acids have hydrophobic R groups, which cluster away from water, and some have hydrophilic R groups, which move toward water. The consequence of changing one of the amino acids could change its relationship to water, change the shape of the protein, and change its function! (This is how sickle cell anemia occurs!)
$100 Question: Organelles Which organelle is responsible for housing the DNA in eukaryotic cells? Where is DNA found in prokaryotic cells?
$100 Answer: Organelles The nucleus; the cytoplasm/nucleiod.
$200 Question: Organelles What parts are found in ALL cells? List at least THREE!
$200 Answer: Organelles Cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA, cell membrane.
$300 Question: Organelles If the cell needs to export a protein produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, what other organelles could that protein travel through? Your answer should trace the path of the protein from the ER out of the cell.
$300 Answer: Organelles The protein would likely travel through the rough ER to the Golgi. It would be packaged in a vesicle and sent through the cell membrane.
$400 Question: Organelles A cell converts energy from food it eats into energy that’s usable by the cell using a membrane-bound organelle. What kind of cell is this likely to be? How do you know?
$400 Answer: Organelles The cell could be any eukaryotic heterotroph Including an animal cell, fungal cell or “protist” cell. It’s a eukaryote because it has membrane- bound organelles (in this case, mitochondria). It’s a heterotroph because it obtains food from outside sources.
$500 Question: Organelles Not all plant cells have chloroplasts, yet no plant cells have to obtain food the way animals do. Explain based on your knowledge of cells and organelles.
$500 Answer: Organelles Plant cells in leaves (and to some extent in stems, tendrils, etc.) have chloroplasts that can take sunlight energy and convert it to food energy. That sugar is transported to other parts of the plant, such as the bulb of an onion, and stored or used.
$100 Question: Membranes Define “selective permeability.”
$100 Answer: Membranes Cell membranes are choosy about what enters into and exits from them.
$200 Question: Membranes What structures in the cell membrane are responsible for protecting the cell? Identifying the cell? Transporting materials into and out of the cell?
$200 Answer: Membranes Phospholipids provide protection; proteins and carbohydrates ID the cell; proteins transport materials into and out of the cell.
$300 Question: Membranes Draw and label a phospholipid. Which part is attracted to water? Which part is repelled by water? Explain why in terms of polarity.
$300 Answer: Membranes The phosphate head is attracted to water because it’s charged/polar/hydrophilic (the circle). The fatty acid tails (lines) are repelled by water because they’re not charged, nonpolar, hydrocarbons, etc. O
$400 Question: Membranes The following are both fatty acids. Which type of fatty acid would you likely find in a cell membrane? Explain!
$400 Answer: Membranes The unsaturated fatty acid would be in the cell membrane, because the ‘bends’ in the molecules contribute to the membrane’s flexibility. Cholesterol also helps with this flexibility in animal cell membranes!
$500 Question: Membranes Mitochondria evolved from bacteria that moved into eukaryotic cells and stayed. What structures do you think are necessary to transport materials into and out of mitochondria? WHY?
$500 Answer: Membranes Mitochondria are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer with proteins in it for active transport and facilitated diffusion. Since mitochondria evolved from bacteria, they have similar structures to those found in prokaryotic cell membranes. Those structures are homologous to those found in cell membranes.
$100 Question: Transport Name and describe three types of active transport.
$100 Answer: Transport Ion pumps move ions from areas of low to areas of high concentration using ATP; exocytosis – excreting materials in vesicles; endocytosis – ingesting material through vesicles.
$200 Question: Transport What kinds of molecules can diffuse easily into and out of cells? Why? What kinds of molecules cannot diffuse easily into and out of cells? Why?
$200 Answer: Transport Small nonpolar molecules (oxygen, CO2) can diffuse into and out of cells easily because of their size and being nonpolar (can go by phospholipid tails). Large polar molecules (starch, glucose, proteins) cannot diffuse into and out of cells easily because of size/polarity.
$300 Question: Transport Compare and contrast active transport and facilitated diffusion.
$300 Answer: Transport Facilitated diffusion does not use energy. Active transport does. Both can use transmembrane proteins (proteins that go through the cell membrane). Facilitated diffusion transports substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Active transport transports substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
$400 Question: Transport A cell needs to move ions, which are at a low concentration on one side of a membrane, to the other side of the membrane, where they are at high concentration. Describe the type of transport is the cell likely to use. Explain!
$400 Answer: Transport Active transport, probably using a transmembrane protein pump. This will likely require energy in the form of ATP, since the ion is being moved from an area where it has a lower concentration to an area with a higher concentration.
$500 Question: Transport Relate the structure and function of ATP to its role in active transport.
