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Magnetism and Electricity

This text explores the principles of magnetism and electricity, particularly how current-carrying wires generate magnetic fields and experience forces when near magnets. It discusses the behavior of electrons in materials, domain alignment, and how to strengthen magnetic fields using loops and solenoids. The calculations for forces on wires in magnetic fields using formulas such as F = IlB are also demonstrated through examples. Additionally, the Left-Hand Rule is introduced to determine the direction of force, electric current flow, and magnetic fields.

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Magnetism and Electricity

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  1. Magnetism and Electricity Principles of Physics

  2. 3 Dimensional Directions Right Left Up Down Into Out ofpage page xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

  3. Current and Magnets In the presence of moving charge (current) a compass will rotate • so, current carrying wires exert magnetic force When the wire is wrapped in a loop poles form on each side of it For a stronger B-field • more loops (solenoid) • loops wrapped around a magnetic core (electromagnet)

  4. More on how materials become magnetized… Electrons move in tiny circular paths generating their own magnetic fields • Electrons are grouped in areas called domains • B-fields of electrons in each domain are lined up • Together they act as one stronger B-field • The magnetic effect is even stronger when domains line up.

  5. More on how materials become magnetized… • Materials that can become magnetized have domains that can shift in order to line up. • High permeability = domains shift easily • Low permeability = domains hard to shift

  6. Force on a Current Carrying Wire Current carrying wires placed near a magnet can experience force • force causes wire to move • current must flow perpendicular to the B-field * single charges can also experience a force in a B field

  7. Force on a Current Carrying Wire F = IlB F = force (N) I = electron flow (A) l = length of wire (m) B = Magnetic Field strength (Tesla = T = N/Am)

  8. Example Problem The current flowing in a 2.0 m wire is 100 A. The wire is placed in a magnetic field of 0.003 T such that it is oriented perpendicular to the field. Calculate the force experienced by the wire. F = IlB F = 100 A(2.0 m)(0.003 T ) F = 0.6 N

  9. Left Hand Rule • Thumb = direction of e-flow • Fingers = direction of B-field • Palm = force Magnetic Field Current (e- flow) Force

  10. Examples e- N S Force: into page

  11. Examples N S x Force: top of page

  12. N x S Examples Force: right

  13. N • S Examples Force: left

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