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Book 2 Unit 6

Book 2 Unit 6. Famous Speeches. Text A: Presidential Election Victory Speeches. Quit. Contents. 1. Background Information & Cultural Notes. 2. Lead-in. 3. Text Structures. Text A. 4. Sentence Study. 5. Words & Phrases. 6. Key to Exercises. Quit.

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Book 2 Unit 6

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  1. Book 2 Unit 6 Famous Speeches Text A: Presidential Election Victory Speeches Quit

  2. Contents 1 Background Information & Cultural Notes 2 Lead-in 3 Text Structures Text A 4 Sentence Study 5 Words & Phrases 6 Key to Exercises Quit

  3. Background Information & Cultural Notes The Dust Bowl Montgomery Bus Boycott Birmingham campaign Selma to Montgomery marches Home

  4. Background Information & Cultural Notes The Dust Bowl, or the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie大草原lands from 1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940). The phenomenon was caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation轮种, fallow fields休耕, cover crops覆盖作物or other techniques to prevent wind erosion. For eight years dust blew on the southern plains. It came in a yellowish-brown haze阴霾from the South and in rolling walls of black from the North. The simplest acts of life — breathing, eating a meal, taking a walk — were no longer simple. Children wore dust masks to and from school, women hung wet sheets over windows in a futile attempt to stop the dirt, farmers watched helplessly as their crops blew away. Home Back

  5. Yellowish brown haze

  6. Background Information & Cultural Notes Montgomery Bus Boycott 蒙哥马利抵制公共汽车公司运动 (The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, United States, intended to oppose the city‘s policy of racial segregation种族隔离on its public transit system. Many important figures in the civil rights movement were involved in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, and others, as listed below. The boycott caused crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system, because the city's black population who were the principal boycotters were also the bulk of the system's paying customers. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery. Home Back

  7. Background Information & Cultural Notes Rosa Parkshaving her fingerprints taken after her arrest on 1st December, 1955. Home Back

  8. Background Information & Cultural Notes Birmingham campaign High school students are hit by a high-pressure water jet from a firehose during a protest in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963, as photographed by Charles Moore. Images like this one, printed in Life, inspired international support for the demonstrators Home Back

  9. Birmingham campaign The Birmingham campaignwas a strategic movement organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to bring attention to the unequal treatment that black Americans endured in Birmingham, Alabama. The campaign ran during the spring of 1963, culminating in widely publicized confrontations between black youth and white civic authorities, that eventually pressured the municipal government to change the city's discrimination laws. Organizers, led by Martin Luther King, Jr. used nonviolent direct action tactics to defy laws they considered unfair. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said: "The purpose of ... direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation" 以..为终点 对抗 Home Back

  10. Background Information & Cultural Notes Selma to Montgomery marches Alabama state troopers attack civil-rights demonstrators outside Selma, Alabama, on Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965. Home Back

  11. The Selma to Montgomery marches The Selma to Montgomery marcheswere three marches in 1965 that marked the political and emotional peak of the American civil rights movement. They grew out of the voting rights movement in Selma, Alabama, launched by local African-Americans who formed the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL). In 1963, the DCVL and organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began voter-registration work. When white resistance to Black voter registration proved intractable, the DCVL requested the assistance of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, who brought many prominent civil rights and civic leaders to support voting rights. 棘手的 Home Back

  12. The Selma to Montgomery marches Thefirst march took place on March 7, 1965 — “Bloody Sunday” — when 600 civil rights marchers were attacked by state and local police with billy clubs警棍and tear gas. The second march, the following Tuesday, resulted in 2,500 protesters turning around after crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge. The third march started March 16. The marchers averaged 10 miles (16 km) a day along U.S. Route 80, known in Alabama as the “Jefferson Davis Highway”. Protected by 2,000 soldiers of the U.S. Army, 1,900 members of the Alabama National Guard under Federal command, and many FBI agents and Federal Marshals法警, they arrived in Montgomery on March 24, and at the Alabama State Capitol on March 25. The route is memorialized as the Selma To Montgomery Voting Rights Trail, a U.S. National Historic Trail. Home Back

  13. Lead-in Can you name some famous speeches you have ever known? Question 1 Home

  14. Lead-in Question 1Can you name some famous speeches you have ever known? Gettysburg Address (Abraham Lincoln) 葛底斯堡演说(1863年11月19日美国总统林肯在葛底斯堡举行的国家公墓献礼上作的简短演说) I Have a Dream (Martin Luther King, Jr.) 马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King, Jr.，1929年1月15日—1968年4月4日），著名的美国民权运动领袖，1964年度诺贝尔和平奖获得者，有金牧师之称。 We Shall Fight on the Beaches (Winston Churchill) I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this Government: “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.” Infamy Speech 国耻日演讲 (Franklin D. Roosevelt) Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. Kennedy Inauguration 就职典礼演讲 (John F. Kennedy ) Quit India退出印度 (Mahatma Gandhi) Freedom or Death (Emmeline Pankhurst)afeminist Home

  15. Lead-in Why can these speeches be so great? Question 2 Home

  16. Lead-in Question 2 Why can these speeches be so great? Success of any speech depends on two factors – its context and the way in which it is orated. Comprising deep thoughts and smoothest textual symmetries, great speeches are notable for changing the course of history and inspiring unfearing feats to fight against all odds! fight against all odds: 克服重重困难 Orate:[ɔ:'reit, 'ɔ:reit] vi. 演说，演讲；用演说的腔调说 Home

  17. Lead-in What makes a good speech? Question 3 Home

  18. Lead-in Question 3 What makes a good speech? 1. Penetrating theme 2. Logical structure 3. Expressive language Home

  19. Text Structure I.(1-5) Point out the significance of the victory of this election II. (6-16) Give thanks to the people who are concerned III. (17-30) Face the challenges ahead together with the traditional American values and the new spirit IV.(31-39) Recall how America has changed throughout the time with the example of Ann Nixon Cooper V. (40-43)Call for the common responsibility to make the change and progress. Home

  20. Sentence Study 1 It’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled— Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are , and always will be , the United States of America.(Para.3) Red States and Blue States:（美国的）民主党和共和党 To Be Continued Home

  21. Sentence Study 1 Paraphrase: This question has been clearly answered by the people’s active participation in this election, whether they are young or old, rich or poor, Democrat or Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled or not disabled. By these actions, Americans have showed the world that America is not made up of separated supporters of either Democratic Party or Republican Party, but we are deeply united as one big nation. 这个回答来自青年、老人、穷人、富人、民主党、共和党人、黑皮肤、白皮肤、拉美人、亚裔、印第安人、同性恋和非同性恋者、残疾人和健全者。美国告诉世界，我们从来就不是一半红、一半蓝，我们现在是，永远都是美利坚合众国。 Home

  22. Sentence Study 2 It’s the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day.(Para. 4) Cynical：愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的 1. He smiled a cynical smile. 他皮笑肉不笑。 2. 这个观点相当愤世嫉俗，但并不意味着他说错了。 It is a bitterly cynical view, but that doesn’t mean he’s wrong. To Be Continued Home

  23. Sentence Study 2 Paraphrase: There are some people who have been made to no longer trust what we can achieve. But this time, in this election, those people have been persuaded to take active part and together help to make our country a better place. 很多人，在长久以往的耳濡目染中愤世嫉俗、担忧、怀疑。但今天他们做出了回答。他们的双手扭转了历史，让历史转向充满希望的新的一天。 Home

  24. Sentence Study 3 It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation’s apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep;... (Para. 15) apathy： ['æpəθi] n.冷漠，无兴趣，漠不关心；无感情 The opposite of love isn’t hate; it’s apathy. 爱的对立面不是恨，而是无动于衷。 To Be Continued Home

  25. Sentence Study 3 Paraphrase: One driving force of my success came from those young people who refused to imitate their peers who showed indifference to what is going on, from those young people who gave up staying at their comfortable homes and volunteered to join my election campaign though it meant little pay and less sleep;… 我们的胜利来自于年轻人——那些远离家人承担辛苦但收入微薄的竞选工作的年轻人。他们反驳了关于他们是冷漠的一代的谬论。… Home

  26. Sentence Study 4 What began 21 months ago in the depths of winter cannot end on this autumn night. This victory alone is not the change we seek–It is only the change for us to make that change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way things were.(Para.23) Paraphrase: Twenty one months ago in the deep winter, we started a journey to seek to bring change to America by electing a president who can change America. Now we have succeeded in fulfilling that task. But let us be clear that, making me the president is not the change we are looking for. This only meant that we now have the opportunity to make the change that we want, but as for the real change we’re looking for, it will never come to us if we give up trying and let everything be as they were. To Be Continued Home

  27. Sentence Study 4 二十一个月之前那个深冬开始的胜利之路，不会在今天这个秋夜止步。这个胜利本身并不是我们所追求的。这只是给了我们机会，去实现我们期待的转变。而如果我们退回原地则什么也不会发生。没有你们的参与，也不会发生。 Home

  28. Sentence Study 5 …while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back our progress. (Para.26) humility: [hju:‘miləti] n.谦卑，谦逊 [ 复数humilities ] hold back: 隐瞒；退缩；抑制；阻止 To Be Continued Home

  29. Sentence Study 5 Paraphrase: …the Democratic Party Has won a great victory in the election tonight, but we must be aware that we got this success because we have carried with quite a modest attitude and a very strong determination to get rid of the obstacles that have prevented us from developing. 今晚民主党所取得的伟大胜利，将促使我们更加谦虚、更加坚定地弥合曾经阻碍我们前进的分裂。 Home

  30. Expressions New Words 1.dig into 2. Pitch in 3.Hold back • unsung • hatch • apathy • scorching • perish • enormity • strain • huddle • tyranny • cynicism New Words & Expressions Home

  31. New Words unsung[,ʌn'sʌŋ]adj. not famous or acclaimed（歌）未唱的；未被赞颂的，埋没的 1. unsung Para 11, Line 1 1. 终日高歌，把酒言欢。 No song unsung, no wine untasted. 2. 他们是中国经济奇迹的无名英雄。 They are the unsung heroes of the Chinese economic miracle. 3. 默默无闻 的编辑理应受到一些赞扬。 An unsung editor deserves some of the orchids. Back

  32. New Words 2. hatch Para. 13, Line 2 hatch [hætʃ] n.孵化，舱口 v. 1. emerge from the eggs (young birds, fish, and reptiles hatch ) 孵化 2. devise or invent 策划 1. 最大的那个蛋没有孵出鸭子来。 3. 两个人很快从舱口下去不见了。 The largest egg did not hatch. Both men quickly disappeared down the hatch. 2. 他们在搞阴谋。 They are hatching a plot. Back

  33. New Words apathy['æpəθi] n.1. an absence of emotion or enthusiasm 2. the trait of lacking enthusiasm for or interest in things generally 冷漠，无兴趣，漠不关心；无感情 3. apathy Para. 15, Line 2 1. 她无动于衷地听了这个“故事”。 She heard the story with apathy. 2. 人民对公众事务的冷漠态度使政府忧虑。 The apathy of the people to public affairs worried the government. Back

  34. New Words scorching ['skɔ:tʃiŋ] adj.hot and dry enough to burn or parch（烤干）a surface 灼热的；激烈的； 4. scorching Para. 15, Line 3 1. 今天像火烤一样地热。 3. 他说这是十分不妥的，因为人们被迫忍受炎热和沙暴。 It’s scorching hot today. He says this is particularly unpleasant, as people are forced to endure scorching heat and dust storms. 2. 整天在灼热的阳光下工作已把我累垮了。 Working in the scorching sun all day has knocked me up. Back

  35. New Words perish['periʃ] v. pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life 死亡；毁灭；腐烂；枯萎 5. perish Para. 15, Line 6 1. 许多士兵会死于战斗。 Many soldiers would perish in battle. 2. 霜降时，花即枯萎。 Flowersperish when frost comes . 3. 相信谎言的人将被真相摧毁。 He that trusts in a lie shall perish in truth. Back

  36. New Words enormity[i'nɔ:məti] n. vastness of size or extent 巨大 6. enormity Para. 17, Line 2 1. 你们这样做是因为你们明白横在面前的任务有多麽艰巨。 You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead. 2. 毋庸置疑地，在面对巨大挑战时，他因畏惧而颤栗。 No doubt the enormity of the challenge before him made him tremble with fear. 3. 这残忍的凶手因罪行的凶残被处以死刑。 The cruel murderer was put to death for the enormity of his crime. Back

  37. New Words strain[strein] v. to exert much effort or energy ；use to the utmost; exert vigorously or to full capacity拉紧；尽力 n. 张力；拉紧； 7. strain Para. 26, Line 4 3. 这场被一些西方国家抨击的运动，将进一步使俄罗斯和西方国家的关系紧绷，并已经因为最近南奥塞梯的冲突恶化了。 1. 这么做将增加金融市场的压力。 That will add strain to financial markets. The move, which was slammed by some Western countries, will further strain Russia‘s ties with the West, already deteriorated due to the recent clashes in South Ossetia. 2. 不要把弦绷得太紧。 Don’t strain your mind too much Back

  38. New Words huddle[‘hʌdl] v. crowd or draw together； 蜷缩；挤作一团 n. a disorganized and densely packed crowd 拥挤；混乱 8. huddle Para. 28, Line 2 1. 他们在外面的雨中蜷缩着。 2. 有杂乱的一群人围着受伤的人。 There is a huddle of people around the injured man. They huddled outside in the rain. 3. 该地区夜间温度低于零度，许多人不得不在由塑料布和毯子搭建的临时避难所内挤作一团，相互取暖。 Nighttime temperatures in the region are below freezing and many people were forced to huddle together for warmth under makeshift shelters of plastic sheets and blankets. Back

  39. New Words tyranny['tirəni] n. a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.); dominance through threat of punishment and violence 暴政；专横；严酷；残暴的行为（需用复数） 9. tyranny Para. 37, Line 1 1.无法治，则专制。 Where laws end, tyranny begins. 2.不柔和的力量是暴行。 Strength without gentleness is tyranny. 3.消灭法西斯主义；消灭苛政。 Stamp fascism into submission; stamp out tyranny. Back

  40. New Words cynicism['sini,sizəm] n. a cynical feeling of distrust 玩世不恭，愤世嫉俗；犬儒主义；冷嘲热讽 10. cynicism Para. 42, Line 4 1.但是在目前，冷嘲热讽不太合适。 For now, however, such cynicism is misplaced. 2.但这只会助长我们对政府的厌恶与不信任感。 Because it feeds into the cynicism we all have about government. 3.我们不应让必要的怀疑态度滑向玩世不恭。 We must not allow our necessary skepticism to degenerate into cynicism. Back

  41. New Words dig into:1.挖掘, 2.把…戳进… ,3.调查, 刻苦钻研 dig into Para. 14, Line 1 1. He dug into the ground to get something. 他挖掘土地寻找东西。 2.He dug a fork into the meat. 他把叉子叉入肉中。 3. The detectives are digging into this whole business. 侦探们彻底地调查了整个事件。 Back

  42. New Words dig into:1.挖掘, 2.把…戳进… ,3.调查, 刻苦钻研 dig into Para. 14, Line 1 4. We’ll have to dig into our savings to buy a car. 我们将得动用存款买汽车。 5. They had to dig into their cooky jar to pull through the crisis. 他们不得不动用储蓄以度过这场危机。 6. Dig into a subject钻研一个题目/ dig into books 钻书本 Back

  43. New Words pitch in: 1.把…扔进 , 2.加入, 投入 pitch in Para. 24, Line 2 1. Why do you pitch in so much money? 你为什么贡献这么多钱？ 2. Please pitch in the waste paper to the dustbin. 请把废纸丢进垃圾箱。 3. If everyone pitches in, we'll soon have the job finished. 要是人人动手, 这工作马上就能完成。 Back

  44. New Words Hold back:1.阻碍, 阻止 2.控制; 抑制 hold back Para. 26, Line 3 1. He was so impatient that I could hardly hold him back. 他是那样急躁, 我简直拉不住他。 2.They built dykes and dam to hold back the rising flood waters. 他们修筑了堤坝来阻挡上涨的洪水。 3.She couldn't hold back her tears any longer and wept aloud. 她再也忍不住了, 大声哭泣起来。 Though very angry, I held back from telling him exactly what I thought. 尽管我非常生气, 仍克制自己未将我的感想告诉他。 Back

  45. New Words Hold back:1.阻碍, 阻止 2.控制; 抑制 hold back Para. 26, Line 3 3. She couldn't hold back her tears any longer and wept aloud. 她再也忍不住了, 大声哭泣起来。 4. Though very angry, I held back from telling him exactly what I thought. 尽管我非常生气, 仍克制自己未将我的感想告诉他。 Back

  46. Key to Exercises 1. Reading Comprehension a. Choose the sentences that best express the meaning of the statement from the text. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) C (5) C Home

  47. Key to Exercises b. Fill in the blanks with the information you have learned in the text. (1) enthusiasm; making their votes to choose; wait long hours (2)donated; contributed; impossible (3) its ideals; democracy; liberty; opportunity; unyielding hope (4)disastrous things; more equal; more democratic (5)job opportunities; prosperous; peace; American dream; what they are after Home

  48. Key to Exercises 2.Vocabulary • Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text. (1)hold back (2)scorching (3)enormity (4)thrive (5)better off (6)tyranny (7)cynicism (8)stretch (9)strained (10)huddled Home

  49. Key to Exercises 2.Vocabulary b.Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. (1)B (2)C (3)A (4)B (5)C (6)A (7)D (8)C (9)C (10)B Home

  50. Key to Exercises 3. Cloze choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only once. Change the form where necessary. (1)well (2)elect (3)oldest (4)African-American (5)discrimination (6)generated (7)accelerates (8)louder (9)developing (10)voters (11)demonstrated (12)nomination (13)multicultural (14)benefits (15)compete (16)together (17)looking for (18)sense (19)represents (20)excelled Home

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