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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Adolescence. Physical and Sexual Development. Adolescence - period between childhood and adulthood (varies from culture to culture) US -- preparation for adulthood African nations (developing) -- child to adult , no transition

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Adolescence

  2. Physical and Sexual Development • Adolescence - period between childhood and adulthood (varies from culture to culture) • US -- preparation for adulthood • African nations (developing) -- child to adult , no transition • Initiation rites - ceremonies or rituals admitting you to a new status ex - b-days (16,18, 21) • G. Stanley Hall - 1904 • “storm and stress” - see freedom but haven’t obtained it

  3. Sect. 1 cont. • Later theorists say the transition is much smoother • Margaret Mead - stated that adolescence is an enjoyable time and 57% say it was positive • Robert Havighurst challenges in adolescence (p. 95), some examples include - gender roles, relationships, emotional independence

  4. Physical development • Puberty - sexual maturation - marks an end to childhood • girls 8-10, boys 9-16 • 12-13 menarche - 1st menstrual cycle, can get pregnant within 12 to 18 months pregnancy can occur • 12-13 spermarche - males achieve 1st ejaculation • Growth spurt lasts 3 months longer for boys

  5. End of sect.1 • Asynchrony - growth of body parts uneven - out of proportion • Boys who mature early - looked at more positive • Girls who mature early - can be negative • Surprisingly sexual activity has increased but other sexual behavior is similar to that of the 70’s

  6. Personal Development • The transition from childhood to adulthood involves changes in patterns of reasoning and moral thinking, as well as the development of one’s identity • COGNITIVE development for adolescence • Jean Piaget - from 11-12, most people’s thinking become more abstract, problem solving. • Rationalization - adolescence deal with emotional feelings that may be unpleasant by preserving their own self-esteem BLAME

  7. Cognitive dev. Cont. • Changes in thinking will change personality - they may be too idealistic or rebellious • Messiah complex - believe they can save the world from evil • David Elkind’s problems of adolescnece • 1. Find fault with authority • 2. Argue • 3. Indecisive - can’t make a decision • 4. Hypocrisy - have ideals but won’t act • 5. Self- consciousness • 6. Invulnerability - don’t have to live by the same rules

  8. Moral development • Start to have changes in relationships and changes in dev. - college years • Identity dev. - personality changes • Erik Erickson - key to adolescence is identity • “identity crisis” - inner conflict in which they worry about themselves, resolving this achieves a sense of self • Kids have many roles and this can lead to role confusion

  9. More on sect. 2 • James Marcia work (1996) • 4 groups trying to achieve identity • 1. Identity moratorium adolescence - considering issues, no commitment • 2. Identity foreclosure adolescence - firm commitment on issues with others involvement • 3. Identity confuses or diffused - no serious thoughts to making any decisions • 4. Identity achievement - considered many identities and have made choices/commitments

  10. More on identity • AC Peterson - crisis not normal, when there is crisis there are outside influences • Albert Bandura - human development is a process, develops by interacting with others SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY • Margaret Mead - Social environment and identity is a continuous process

  11. Sect. 3Social Development • Changes in adolescence social relationships, more influence from peers • Role of the family - main task is to become independent of their families - build an identity • Role of peers - give acceptance • Clique - small exclusive group within a large group • - closeness, defining identity, confidence, values and eventual independence from family • However it can be negative - Conformity

  12. Difficulties during adolescence • Suicide increases, illusion of invulnerability, acts of juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, drug abuse, underachievement • Causes of teenage depression: Loss of loved one, break down of family, not feeling accepted by peers Forms depression takes: anger, rebellion, hyperactivity, with drawl from friends Eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa - refusing to eat Bulimia - binge eating and purging

  13. Section 4 - Gender Roles • Gender identity - one’s physical and biological make-up • Gender role - the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex. Roles vary by society and over time • Gender stereotypes - oversimplified or distorted generalization of male and female • Androgynous - combining or blending traditionally male or female characteristics

  14. Gender differences • Personality - males more confident than females in tasks stereotyped as masculine. • Females more confident when given feedback • Aggression - females more verbally aggressive and males more physical • Why? Society expectation and lower levels of serotonin • Communication styles - men talk more, woman hedge ( kind of), woman use disclaimers (I’m not sure), woman use tag questions (Okay?) • Nonverbal - female submission and warmth • Male - dominance and status • Females more sensitive to nonverbal cues

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