Causes of the Industrial Revolution

1. Causes of the Industrial Revolution

3. Civil War • Fought from 1860-1865 • Troops required a lot of supplies • Factories had to increase production to meet needs of military • Economy grows, especially in the North where most of the factories, and transportation systems were located

4. New Technology • Many new inventions and discoveries were made during the late 19th and early 20th centuries • New technology made work faster and easier • More products could be produced and could be produced quickly • Business owners made lots of money • Many new jobs available

5. Examples of New Technology Plans for Elisha Otis’ Elevator Isaac Merritt Singer Edmund Cartwright

6. Thomas Edison James Watt William Jessop

7. Factories • First Factory in Massachusetts owned by Henry Cabot Lowell • Factory is in Waltham, not Lowell • Henry Cabot Lowell is known for creating the “Lowell Mill System” • System consisted of girls who lived, ate and worked at the factory

8. Population Increase • Better Nutrition and Increased Immigration caused the population to increase. • As the population increased, more jobs were needed • Farm jobs disappeared because new technology required fewer workers • Had to move to cities to find work • Large supply of unskilled workers for the factories

9. Urbanization • Process of Moving from the Country to the City • Before the Industrial Revolution Cities were small • After they were not

10. Before After

11. Transportation Revolution • The Steam Boat and the Railroad were the first industrial changes in transportation • New forms of transportation moved products to markets farther away, and at a quicker pace • Also moved raw materials to factories

12. NY, San Francisco and Boston had Trolleys

13. Then Boston opened the first Subway in America in 1898The T

14. New Business Leaders and Practices

15. New Business Practices • The late 1800’s was the era of big business • Mark Twain called it the Gilded Age – why? • The Business leaders were often seen as “Robber Barons” because they had little regard for the welfare of the workers, poor or the environment. • They cared primarily for profit

16. Horizontal Integration • Strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets • Several small companies are created • Each company markets the product to a different geographical area • Exists when a firm has plants in several locations producing similar products

17. Vertical Integration • Companies which share a common owner • Each company produces a different product or service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need • Example: owning the iron mine, the iron refinery, and the railroads used to transport the finished iron

18. John D. Rockefeller • Owned Standard Oil • Worked with Railroads, even getting secret kickbacks to increase his profit margin • Owned all aspects of the oil refining business. Allowed him to lower his prices and put his competition out of business • Created an oil monopoly • Used horizontal integration

19. Rockefeller made a lot of money But also created a lot of poor, hurt the environment and shut down many small businesses

20. Andrew Carnegie • Owned US Steel • Based in Pittsburgh • Followed Rockefeller’s model • Used Vertical instead of Horizontal Integration • Owned: mills where steel was produced, mines to get the iron ore, coal mines to produce the coal, railroads and ships that transported the ore and steel etc. • Researched all aspects of the Steel industry so he knew how much his steel cost to produce

21. “Gospel of Wealth” • Created by Andrew Carnegie • Invested heavily in charitable organizations – started the Carnegie foundation • Believed that charity needed to be overseen wisely, otherwise it was a waste of money • This is Carnegie Hall in NY

22. Cornelius Vanderbilt • Owned shipping lines and railroads • Started Vanderbilt University

23. John Pierpont Morgan • Banking Empire • Chase Banks

24. Why Was America Successful during the Industrial Revolution?

25. Large supply of unskilled labor • American ingenuity/inventiveness • Large supply of natural resources (including coal, wood and iron) • Stable economy

26. Where did our workforce come from?

27. Immigration • Most of the immigrants were unskilled laborers, which is just what the factories wanted • Immigration came in 2 waves – old and new immigration

28. Old Immigration • Early portion of the 19th century • Mostly Protestant • Mostly from Northern and Western Europe • Includes: Germany, England and Sweden • Many moved out west once they reached America

29. New Immigration • 1880 and after • Catholic and Jewish • Eastern and Southern Europe • Including: Russia, Italy, Greece and Poland • Most stayed in East Coast cities, especially Boston and New York

30. Immigration Statistics

31. Immigrants in America

32. Voyage and Arrival • Came over in “Steerage” • Voyage was rough, disease and sickness was common • Arrived in America at Ellis Island • Had to undergo inspection upon arrival • If found to be sick, sent back

33. Emma Lazarus“The New Colossus” • This poem is inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty • America was seen as the land of opportunity, where all your dreams could come true • Around the world, America was seen as accepting all of the worlds “tired, hungry and poor” Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

34. Positive Reactions to Immigrants • Religious groups helped • Charity provided basic services like helping to find work, teaching English, donating food, and even paying for funerals • Political “Bosses” who ran cities used the immigrants to keep them in power. • These Bosses were often corrupt • In NY Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall were particularly notorious for greed, bribes and corruption

35. Negative Reaction to Immigrants • Nativism: Hostility towards immigrants by native born Americans • “Know Nothing Party”: political party determined to keep Catholics and Jews out of political office and limit the opportunities for immigrants in all areas • Called “Know Nothing” because? • Claimed Immigrants were lazy, criminals, filled with disease, out to take jobs from Americans, creating crowded, slum filled cities • Nativists often resorted to violence and criminal activity of their own to deal with the immigrants

36. Chinese Exclusion Act • Of all the immigrant groups, the Chinese faced possibly the most prejudice • The federal government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 to keep the Chinese out of America

37. The Chinese built the Transcontinental Railroad But were seen as lazy, dangerous, heathens and criminals

38. Compare the Two Images Below

39. The End!