Chapter NINE

1. Chapter NINE The Flow of Energy

2. Standard 3: Students know and understand the characteristics and structure of living things, the processes of life, and how living things interact with each other and their environment. • Benchmark 3.2: There is a relationship between the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. (for example: in terms of energy and products) • Assessment Objectives: • 3.2a Describe the process of photosynthesis. • 3.2b Describe the process of cellular respiration. • 3.2c Relate the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

3. Videos • Free energy (1:30) • ATP (7:15) • Aerobic Cellular Respiration (5:35) • Anaerobic respiration (4:09) • Lactic acid & ethanol fermentation (1:30) • Electromagnetic song (4:00) • Photosynthesis (2:10) • Photosynthesis & Calvin cycle (3:45) • Cellular respiration (1:54) • From food to ATP (1:56) • Metabolic Pathways (1:02) • Limits of Life (1:20) Total time: 34:06 minutes + 19:00 at the end

4. Vocabulary • Absorption spectrum • Aerobic respiration • Alcoholic fermentation • Anaerobic • ATP • Calvin cycle • carotenoid • endergonic • Exergonic • Free energy • Grana • Lactic acid fermentation • Light reactions • Stroma • Visible spectrum • wavelength

5. ATPEnergy for Cells • Cells must have energy to carry out the work of living. • Energy available to do work is called free energy. • Free energy is used for muscle contraction, active transport and protein synthesis. • Endergonic reactions absorb energy that has been released from exergonic reactions. FREE ENERGY (1:30)

6. Free Energy • In cells, most of the energy needed for an endergonic reaction comes from the exergonic reaction from breaking up molecules of ATP. • When the bond between two phosphate groups breaks, energy is released. • Hydrolysis of ATP is represented by the reaction: • ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi + energy ATP (7:15) Adenosine triphosphate

7. Energy Release and Energy Use • When plants make sucrose from glucose and fructose, an input of energy is required. That energy comes from the breakdown of ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate. • Each reaction takes place with the help of an enzyme which reduces activation energy. • ATP + glucose ADP + glucose – P • Glucose – P + fructose  sucrose + Pi • Net reaction: • ATP + glucose + fructose sucrose + ADP + Pi

8. How ATP is Replenished • During cellular respiration, some of the energy released by breaking the bonds of food molecules such as glucose is used to make ATP from ADP. Then ATP is used as needed. • Respiration in cells that require oxygen is called aerobic respiration. Aerobic Cellular Respiration (5:35)

9. C6H12O6 + 6O2 +38ADP + 38 Pi 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Citric Acid Cycle Interactive

10. Anaerobic Respiration • Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen. When your muscles are fatigued, it’s because there’s not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration. Instead, muscle cells are undergoing anaerobic processes to release needed energy. • Anaerobic processes take place in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration (4:09)

11. Fermentation: When there’s no oxygen present to break down glucose and produce ATP • Lactic Acid Fermentation: • Glucose + 4ADP + 4Pi produces lactic acid and 4ATP • Alcoholic Fermentation: • Glucose + 4ADP + 4Pi produces ethanol, carbon dioxide and 4ATP • Notice that when compared with aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration produces much less ATP. Oxygen is your friend. • Lactic acid and ethanol fermentation (1:30)

12. Let there be lightElectromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic song (4:00)

13. Wavelengths • A wavelength is the distance between crests or troughs. • The visible light spectrum is also known as white light, is made up of all colors. • From longest to shortest wavelength, the electromagnetic spectrum goes: • Radio waves • Microwaves • Infrared radiation • Visible light • Ultraviolet • Xrays • Gamma Rays

14. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis cont’d….. • Okay, now that we’re done with the song, what is photosynthesis? • Molecules of carbon dioxide and water combine into simple sugars (glucose, fructose or other 6-carbon sugars) by enzymes and oxygen is given off as a by-product in this endergonic reaction: • 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • The importance of photosynthesis (2:10) • Photosynthesis Interactive

15. Chloroplast Pieces and parts • Stroma is the “watery” part of the chloroplast. • Grana is a series of stacked thylakoid disks containing chlorophyll; found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts. • Thylakoid is where light reactions take place for photosynthesis. • Carotenoids are pigments that range from yellow to red. • Chlorophyll is also a pigment that is _______ in color.

16. The Calvin Cycle • The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma—the fluid part of the chloroplast. • Enzymes combine with CO2 from air or water with hydrogen from NADPH and energy from ATP to form 3-carbon simple sugars. Many of these sugars are used to form 6-carbon sugars, which make up sucrose, starch , and cellulose. Photosynthesis and the Calvin Cycle (3:45)

17. Energy Relationships: Continuous Energy Input is Needed OR Sugars are the crossroads of energy in living systems. Photosynthesis Cellular respiration(1:54) • An endergonic reaction with water and carbon dioxide combining in the presence of light and enzymes to produce simple sugars and oxygen. • 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 • An exergonic reaction with simple sugars reacting with oxygen and breaking down in the presence of enzymes into oxygen and water. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O • The light used to make the sugars is transferred into ATP which, once used is released as heat.

18. Additional relationships • From Food to ATP (1:56) • Metabolic Pathways (1:02) • The Limits of Life (1:20)

19. Elements of Biology: Matter and Energy: Organization in Living Systems (19:56)