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SI ALT FOIX

SI ALT FOIX. UNIT 3 Middle Ages. From the beginning to the Middle Ages. PREHISTORY MUSIC AT THE ANCIENT TIMES GREECE ROME PRIMITIVE CHRISTIAN MUSIC. Greece It’s the period from the appearance of the first hiominids (4,000,000 years a.C) to the invention of writing (4,000 years a.C)

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SI ALT FOIX

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  1. SI ALT FOIX UNIT 3 Middle Ages

  2. From the beginning to the Middle Ages • PREHISTORY • MUSIC AT THE ANCIENT TIMES • GREECE • ROME • PRIMITIVE CHRISTIAN MUSIC

  3. Greece It’s the period from the appearance of the first hiominids (4,000,000 years a.C) to the invention of writing (4,000 years a.C) All what we know is thanks to: • Historians and archeologists’s studies, among others. • Archeological ruins: whistles made from animal bones, muscal archs, sticks… • Civiñizations which have been recently discovered and lived till now in a very prehistorical way. All human cultures have developed vocal or/and instrumental music. This makes us suppose that in prehistory music would be `present, possibly related with religion or magic and even alsdo for distraction or enjouyment.

  4. 2. Music at the Ancient Times It’s the period from the end of prehistory (4,000 a.C) and the beginning of Middle Ages (s.V bC) During the Ancient Times some / different important cultures appeared, like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Israel, Greece, Rome… among others. In all of them, music had a relevant position among diverse arts. Greek and Roman music had a powerful influence in the formation of medieval music. 3. Greece For the Greeks, music was an art which had divinic origins; as it is demonstrated, its name come from the word MUSA (musa; art of muses: science, art, music, poetry). Music had the power to influence animate or inamimate beings in a magic way. It could modify feelings, and make people good or bad, and for this reason it was given a big importance in Education and Politics. It’s believed gods were the inventors of instruments.

  5. 4. Rome In Rome, music also had a very important role. It was used in different contexts (e.g. Circus). Vocal chorus existed and recent instruments were used: hidraulic organ. Despite all, we didn’t know with exactitude how Greek or Roman music sounded. 5. Primitive Christian Music From the 1st century aD, christianism spreaded over the Roman Empire. It seems that Christian music was based on Roman and Greek music, although it had influeces from the jews songs from the area were religion had appeared. From this base, gregorian chant/singing was formed lately.

  6. The Middle Ages • SITUATION It’s the period from the end of the Roman Empire (Vth C) to the end of the XIVth C. It’s divided into: a) HIGH MIDDLE AGES: wars with the Barbarian invaders who finally set in different european areas which were occupied by the Romans. b) LOW MIDDLE AGES: quiet period where the first cities appear. These is more free time and more demand of entertainment . There is little war, so there are more economic resources for art and culture

  7. 2. ART AND MUSIC IN MIDDLE AGES - The history of music in the West started when music was started to be written (X-XI centuries) - Society was hierarchic: a pyramid struture. Two big powers: church and aristocracy. - Cultural life concentrated in monasteries: monks were practically the only people who knew reading and writing. So, at the beginning, musical language was produced in religious environment. - Poliphony was born from composers in chrage of Church. -There’s a parallelism between architecture and music: Romanesque = monodic music (XI – XII c.) Gothic = polyphonic music (XIII-XIV c.) - There is also music in courts : Troubador music - The rest of population, occupied in living, hadn’t time to take notes of their music: ministrels and jugglers (jongleurs)

  8. Musical genres at middle ages VOCAL MUSIC Religious : Gregorian Chant (hymns, masses…) • Monodic music Courts: troubadors chants Civil music: Poor: jugglers Religious music: primitove polyphony: organ 2. Polyphonic music Civil music: ballads, canons… INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC : dance music

  9. Religious monodic music Our music, occidental music, comes from the medieval chant in church and it was called Gregorian in honour to Pope Gregor I (540-604) who was the first to compile them. Gregorian chant is monodic: it consists of an only melody; it is also called plain chant for its horizontal movement. Its rhythm is flexible because it depends on the internal rhythm of words and phrases in latin textes. The melody emerges with the text in a natural way – syllabic chant – or araising some syllables to ornament them – melismatic chant. Characteristics: • texture: monodic, only one voice, collective • Tone: vocal, a capella, withput instruments • Text: always in Latin • Composers: anonymous • Movement: slow, not rushing, not marked pulsation • Rhythm: free, dependent on the text, without compass, not repetitive • Melody: long, depending on the sentences in the text • Character: relaxing • Function: praise the Lord

  10. Civil monodic music & troubadors Civil music was developed a bit later with the creation of the first universities, the contact between cultures as a conseques of the Crusades… At those moments of dynamism emerged the troubador movement, between the XII and XIII centuries, with an important focus between the South of France and Catalonia Characteristics: • Texture: monodic, only a voice • Tone: vocal, with instrument • Text: different vernacular languages, human topics • Composers: troubadors • Movement: depending on the character • Rhythm: with compass • Melody: singable • Character: Sensual, expresses emotions

  11. TROUBADORS: They are poets and musicians, cultured and refined, who sing in their language the cavalleresque ideals of the moment: the love for a lady, honour, fidelity to a king… WOMEN AND LOVE: Troubadors sang the courteous love, which was born in occitan castles in the XII century and it expressed a new relationship between a man and a woman.

  12. Participatory dance A dance was an essential element in the entertainment of the court and medieval society in general. It was present in all kinds of social events and it was played in courts and in public squares in town. The melodies were very rhythmic of fast pulsation and marked. Tehy could be played with instruments and accompanied with percussion. A KNIGHT'S TALE DANCE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jr2Vhxs-krs

  13. The origins of polyphonic music The evolution of Gregorian chant and all the later music was related with the birth and the improvement of the musical writing. The development of music involved the necessity of writing the sounds and this made music even more difficult. One of the first polyphonic forms is the organum which consists of adding a new mwlody on the Gregorian melody. Organum is important because: • Some patrons were fixed • It added more melodies • New forms are invented and further from the Gregorian chant.

  14. How to recognize medieval music • Vocal music • Religious music is written in Latin • First works: civil music in vernacula language • Musical notation is developed • Melodies are modal • Great variety of instruments, which give colour to the voice • Monody develops into polyphony • Polyphony is elemental • In the XIV century, polyphony goes in civil music and it gets lots of variety and rhythmic complication. Humorous note: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LNS8qM4FUQ

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