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Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War: A Study of American Foreign Policy (1933-1941)

This chapter examines the intricate foreign policy of Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1941, juxtaposed with the looming threat of global conflict. It covers key events such as the London Conference, the recognition of the USSR, the Good Neighbor Policy, and the shift from isolationism toward engagement after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The chapter highlights how domestic challenges intertwined with international pressures, leading to significant legislative actions like the Neutrality Acts and the Lend-Lease Bill. Roosevelt's efforts to navigate the tumultuous global landscape set the stage for America's eventual involvement in World War II.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War: A Study of American Foreign Policy (1933-1941)

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  1. AP Chapter 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

  2. I. The London Conference 1933-66 nations to gather to fight global depression -FDR-focusing on home, declined conference “Every man for himself”

  3. II. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians Philippines-America hope to free itself of its financial costly possession Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)-12 years for freedom 1933-FDR recognizes USSR (counterweight to Germany and Japan)

  4. III. Becoming a Good Neighbor Good Neighbor Policy-FDR’s policy to build friendlier relations with western hemisphere nations -marines pulled out of Haiti -Platt Amendment lifted in Cuba -US relaxed on Isthmus -Mexico retained oil against American corporation protest

  5. IV. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements -designed to uplift American exports -Americans would reduce rates up to 50% if other country was willing to do so -Attempt to make domestic and international economies grow -paved way for American led free trade agreements after WWII

  6. V. Storm-Cellar Isolationism USSR-Joseph Stalin-seized control of totalitarian USSR Benito Mussolini-Italy (invaded Ethiopia) Adolph Hitler-Germany (Rome-Berlin Axis with Italy) Japan-brewing Navy in Asia League of Nations-helpless US-Johnson Debt Default Act-debt dodging nations could no longer borrow money Americans-stay out and focus on own suffering

  7. VI. Congress Legislates Neutrality Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36 and 37 -if President recognizes foreign wars, Americans cannot sail on a belligerent ship, transport munitions to a belligerent or loan money to a belligerent -idea that Americans helped cause WWI to make profits -actuality-no distinction made and balance in favor of dictators

  8. VII. American Dooms Loyalist Spain Spain-fight between Francisco Franco (fascist with Italy and Germany) v. Loyalist regime -Abraham Lincoln Brigade-3k Americans who went to help Loyalist regime US declared both groups at war-embargoed both Franco wins and Spain’s democracy dies

  9. VIII. Appeasing Japan and Germany Japan -Beijing-all out invasion of China -FDR-Quarantine Speech-positive endeavors to quarantine the aggressors-economic embargos -Panay-US ship sunk-paid for by Japan -Japanese humiliated Americans in China by slappings and strippings

  10. Germany -building up armed forces -took back Rhineland -took back Austria -took Sudetenland -took Czechoslovakia -appeased by democracies

  11. IX. Hitler’s Belligerency and US Neutrality Hitler Stalin Pact -nonaggression pact between Germany and USSR -Germany-clear to fight west -9/1/1939-Poland blitzkrieg-France and Britain declare war Neutrality Act of 1939 -cash and carry for Allies to get American goods

  12. X. The Fall of France USSR-knocked out Finland Germany-knocked out Denmark, Norway, Netherlands and Belgium -France fell in June 1940 -Britain left alone Congress-$37 billion to be prepared for war -1940 conscription-first non wartime draft

  13. XI. Refugees from the Holocaust Kristallnacht-11/9/38—Germans attacked Jewish shops and synagogues-91 Jews died and 30k more sent to concentration camps St. Louis-ship from Hamburg to Havana to US to Canada and back to Europe harboring Jewish refugees denied in US -War Refugees Board-help bring Jews into US after Nazi genocide began to be verified in 1942 -US Rescued 150k compared to 6 million who died

  14. XII. Bolstering Britain Britain left alone -Battle of Britain-Americans heard radio reports -Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies -America First Committee -FDR-transfer 50 WWI ships to England and US gain 8 strategic base sites

  15. XIII. Shattering the Two-Term Tradition Election of 1940 -(R)-Political newcomer Wendell L. Willkie - “dictator” Roosevelt although agreed -(D) FDR -ran for 3rd term as lingering war crisis -won based on experience as there was possibility of war

  16. XIV. A Landmark Lend-Lease Law Land Lease Bill -US provide weapons to nations fighting dictators and would receive them back at the end of the war -passed with Isolationist and anti-Roosevelt opposition -$50 billion spent on it during WWII -Ended American pretense of neutrality -Robin Moor-unarmed merchant ship-sunk by Germany

  17. XV. Charting a New World Hitler attacked Russia on June 22, 1941 US sent $1 billion aid to USSR Atlantic Charter (FDR and Churchill) -no territorial changes -people could choose gov’t -disarmament and peace of security -followed Wilson’s points

  18. XVI. US Destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats Clash US-sent destroyers to protect merchant ships as far as Iceland (Britain had to finish the journey) -U-boats attacked ships and destroyers -Arm merchant ships in November 1941

  19. XVII. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor US-embargo gasoline and machinery supplies Japan and Washington relations-Japan needed them to continue war in China (4 years going) 12/7/1941-bombed Pearl Harbor -3k personnel harmed 12/11/41-US declares war officially

  20. XVIII. America’s Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent Slowly-help Britain and prevent trade with Japan Events slowly crept up to Pearl Harbor -Defend democracy than let dictators rule supreme

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