Nitrogen, nitrous oxide and ammonia

1. Dr. Althea Rodriguez Arenajo Nitrogen, nitrous oxide and ammonia

2. NITROGEN • Rutherford observed that when O2WAS removed from the air, remained a gas which do not support combustion and respiration • Scheele showed that one gas in the atmosphere supports combustion and respiration and that the other did not

3. NITROGEN • Lavoisier named the gas azote from the Greek meaning “without life” • Chaptal proposed the name nitrogen from the Greek word niter which means “I produce” • N2 constitute 79% by volume of the atmosphere • Free nitrogen found in natural waters

4. NITROGEN • With hydrogen, it forms ammonia and in organic combination as protein, alkaloids, amino acids, etc. • N2 is an integral part of animal and vegetable tissues and liquids • Present in soil where it is formed by the action of nitrifying bacteria • A colorless, tasteless and odorless gas

5. NITROGEN • N2 is an inert gas, it will neither burn nor support combustion • NCl3 is a compound that has a very pungent smell, powerful lachrymatory properties and is a most dangerous explosive • The flame of a burning wood held in an atmosphere of N2 is extinguished • It is stored in a black-pink cylinder

6. NITROGEN • Cod liver oil, olive oil, castor oil are often packaged with a N2 atmosphere to retard oxidation and rancidity or loss of vitamins during storage • The USP allows N2 (also CO2) to replace air in parenterals, topical solutions, and injections without declaring its presence on the label

7. NITROGEN • Elementary N2 is used principally in connection with nitrogen fixation • Liquid nitrogen is useful to obtain tempt as low as -3200F and used to freeze warts, angiomas, etc. • Used to freeze gums, waxes, rubber, resins, etc., so as to prevent their tenacious(sticky) property from interferring during grinding or powdering operations

8. NITROGEN • Thermometers used in elevated temperatures have a space filled with N2 gas to decrease the evapoartion of the mercury and prevent its oxidation • Electric bulbs with N2 are now in general use, thus giving longer life by reducing the volatilization of the filaments

9. NITROGEN NITROUS OXIDE • Priestley made the first nitrous oxide by the action of nitric acid on moist iron filings • Sir Humphry Davy have observed that the gas produced exhilirating effects when inhaled, hence the common name “laughing gas”

10. NITROGEN • It is colorless, odorless and tasteless • Three times soluble in alcohol than in water and dissolves in either fats or oil • Fats also dissolves large volume of nitrous oxide, in making modern aerosol whipped cream formulations • It is not flammable but supports combustion of many subs and oxygen

11. NITROGEN • At ordinary temperature, metals do not rust with N2O • The hemoglobin of the blood is unable to use it as a source of oxygen • It has no reaction with water • It is officially recognized as a general anaesthetic for use as inhalation and it is to be used as required

12. NITROGEN • As anesthetic, used with 20-25% O2 as diluent, permanent neurological damage due to hypoxia can result even few minutes of administration • The optimum conc is 35% admixed with air or oxygen (latter is preferred) • Condoned in the 2nd stage of labor, does not impair uterine contraction

13. AMM0NIA • Geber prepared NH3 by distilling the hoofs and horns of animals and absorbing the gas in water, the sol’n was called “spirit of hartshorn” • Priestley was the first to obtain pure ammonia and called it “alkaline air” • It is a colorless gas with a strong pungent characteristic odor

14. AMMONIA • Liquid ammonia is a good solvent and ionizing medium • It is soluble in alcohol and ether • Ammonia water may be considered as one containing NH4OH • At low tempt, it is stable but at red heat, by the action of electric spark, decomposes to hydrogen and nitrogen

15. AMMONIA • Basic subs tha reacts with acidic materials to form ammonium cmpds • A proton donor, reacts with soluitons of pH greater than 7 (HCO3- ) • Ammonolysis is the process of forming ammonia-basic salts • Ammonia’s identity is tested using Nessler’s reagent

16. AMMONIA • Nessler’s reagent is Alklaine Mercuric- Potassium Iodide T.S. which is a solution of potassium iodide, mercury bichloride, and potassium hydroxide Uses of Ammonia: a. As fertilizer b. Starting point for the manufacture of military explosives

17. AMMONIA c. Making of soda ash, nitric acid, nylon, plastics, lacquers, resins, dyes, refrigerants, rubber, sulfa drugs, and antimalarials • Liquid ammonia is used for refrigeration and for manufacture of artificial ice • Pharmaceutical applications are in the manufacture of antacid, counterirritants, stimulant, salt, and soap formation

18. AMMONIA Important compounds: • Strong ammonia solution (Strong ammonia water) NF - this solution deteriorates rapidly in open containers due to loss of ammonia by evaporation Caution: Use care in handling strong ammonia solution because of the caustic nature of the solution and the

19. AMMONIA irritating properties of its vapor. Cool the container well before opening, and cover the closure with a cloth or similar material while opening 2. Diluted ammonia soluiton USP - prepared by diluting 398 mL of Strong Ammonia Soluiton with enough Purified Water to make 1000 mL

20. AMMONIA - this product is dispensed on demand for “household ammonia” and known as “ammonia water” - recognized officially as pharmacuetical aid for the preparation of Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia 3. Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Soluiton (Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate; Howe)