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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS Part II

ARAB-ISRAELI WARS Part II. WAR & PEACE. CONFLICTS CONTINUE. 1957-1966 Border skirmishes Palestinian guerrilla attacks Israeli retaliatory raids. ROAD TO 3 RD A-I War. Syria-Egypt defense pact (1966) Israel mobilized troops on Syrian border: 4/67 Nasser to U.N. Withdraw troops!: 5/67

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ARAB-ISRAELI WARS Part II

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  1. ARAB-ISRAELI WARSPart II WAR & PEACE

  2. CONFLICTS CONTINUE • 1957-1966 • Border skirmishes • Palestinian guerrilla attacks • Israeli retaliatory raids

  3. ROAD TO 3RD A-I War • Syria-Egypt defense pact (1966) • Israel mobilized troops on Syrian border: 4/67 • Nasser to U.N. Withdraw troops!: 5/67 • Buffer between E & I in the Sinai Pen. • Replaced w/E. troops • Israel mobilized troops opposite E. troops

  4. Closer to 3rd War: • Nasser closed Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping: 5/67 • Jordan made defensive pact w/Egypt 5/67 • Put Jordan’s troops under Egypt’s command

  5. 3rd ARAB-ISRAELI WAR • Or Six-Day War • Or ’67 War • Began June 6, 1967 • Israel: preemptive air strike on Egypt: within 3 days: • Destroyed E’s air force • Captured Sinai & reached Suez Canal • (Half the war was over!)

  6. RESULTS: ISRAEL GAINED • 1. Golan Heights from Syria (brown on map) (Syrian hills over- looking Israel)

  7. ISRAEL GAINED: • 2. West Bank of the Jordan River • From Jordan • Included Old City of Jerusalem (large yellow area on map)

  8. ISRAEL GAINED: 3. Sinai Peninsula from Egypt 4. Gaza Strip from Egypt

  9. RESULTS OF 3RD WAR: • {War deaths: • 11,500 Egyptians: mostly in Sinai • 2,000 Jordanians • 700 Syrians • 778 Israelis} • Arab Refugees: 300,000

  10. U.N. RESOLUTION 242 • Called for Israeli withdrawal from “Occupied Territories” • And establishment of peace • Israel refused: Arabs untrustworthy; I. military needed in Disputed Terr. until A-I relations improved.

  11. ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS: • In West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai • Increased Jewish immigration • Many poor; new immigrants desired land • Extra land = Disputed Territory • Settlements encouraged & protected by Israeli government • Made returning land to Arab states difficult, if not impossible!

  12. FOURTH ARAB-ISRAELI WAR • Or TheYom Kippur War • (by Israelis) • Or TheRamadan War • (by Arabs) • Or The 1973 War • (Six Day War, part 2 – Why?)

  13. Why did Egypt attack? • Embarrassed by previous losses • E. Pres. Anwar Sadat wanted Sinai Pen. back from Israel • US Sec. of State Henry Kissinger rejected request to mediate • Israel settlements: prevent return? • War seemed the only option

  14. THE LARGEST WAR • In modern times in the ME • October 6, 1973: • Egypt attacked Israel in Sinai; • Israel pushed back across Suez C. • Syria attacked I. thru Golan Hts. • Israel fought & retook Golan Hts.

  15. SUPERPOWERS ON THE BRINK • U.S. airlifted weapons to Israel • USSR: weapons to Egypt & Syria • USSR mobilized airborne divisions • US raised Def-Con. to 3 • Prepared to help Israel • If USSR helped Egypt • (Iraq & 8 other Arab nations sent troops) • U.N. Security Council Resolution 340: • Established cease-fire

  16. RESULTS OF YOM KIPPUR WAR • {9,000 Egyptians died • 3,500 Syrians died • 2,552 Israelis died} • Israel “driven” to bargaining • 5 years later (1978) Israel withdrew from Sinai • Israeli settlements dismantled

  17. RABAT SUMMIT (10/74) • Of Arab League • Declared the PLO the only legitimate representative of the Palestinian people • More difficult for Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty re: the West Bank • Israeli unwilling to negotiate with a terrorist organization (PLO)

  18. PLO at U.N. • Yasser Arafat, head of PLO, speaks at General Assembly debate on Palestine, 11/13/74 • U.N.G.A. recognizes Palestinians right to sovereignty • Grants PLO observer status

  19. RESOLUTION 3379 • U.N. General Assembly • Zionism = racism • November, 1975

  20. CAMP DAVID ACCORD • Pres. J. Carter, Pres. A. Sadat, PM Menachem Begin negotiated treaty*: • Peace treaty • Egypt officially recognized Israel (1st Arab state to do so) • Sinai returned to Egypt • Security zones established in Sinai • West Bank & Gaza to gain autonomy (5 yr.) • Further talks on future of Occupied Terr. • *Enemies compromised!

  21. ACCORD SIGNED: 3/26/79 Anwar Sadat (E), Jimmy Carter, Menachem Begin(I)

  22. 1987 Palestinian despair After a traffic accident, young Palestinians erupt Against Israeli occupation. Israeli military hits back. INTIFADA

  23. OSLO ACCORDS • 1993 • Israel agrees to an eventual Palestinian-governed area in West Bank and Gaza.

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