1 / 27

Understanding Organic Chemistry: Hydrocabon Structures, Reactions, and Functional Groups

This guide covers the foundational concepts of organic chemistry, focusing on hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. It explains the unique properties of carbon, its bonding capabilities, and hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp). The text also outlines the nomenclature of hydrocarbons, their characteristic reactions (addition, combustion, halogenation), and the basics of functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, detailing how these groups influence reactivity and compound formation.

ulric-franklin
Télécharger la présentation

Understanding Organic Chemistry: Hydrocabon Structures, Reactions, and Functional Groups

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Organic Chemistry

  2. Carbon • Has 4 valence electrons • Can have sp3 hybridization where substituted groups are at 109.5o to one another. • Other hybridizations are possible. • Usually shares electrons • Can easily bond to itself and many other elements • Can make straight chains of carbons or branched chains • Can form single, double, and triple bonds to itself and to some selective other atoms • Can polymerize

  3. Alkanes • Contain only carbon and hydrogen • Have only single bonds. • Tetrahedral geometry • Characteristic reactions • Halogenation • R-H + X2 R-X + HX • Chlorine >Bromine • Tertiary>Secondary>Primary • Combustion • R-H + O2 CO2 + H2O • Pyrolysis(cracking) • Alkane  H2 + smaller alkanes + alkenes

  4. Alkanes • Nomenclature – ending is ane. • Meth • Eth • Prop • But • Pent • Hex • Hept • Oct • Non • Dec

  5. Alkyl Groups

  6. Alkenes • Contain only carbon and hydrogen • Have one double bond between two carbons. • The double bond makes alkenes unsaturated with respect to hydrogen. • Trigonal planar geometry • If there are two or three double bonds • Alkadiene • Alkatriene • Characteristic reactions • Addition • C=C + Y-Z  C-C Y Z

  7. Alkenes

  8. Alkenes • Structural isomers are those which have the same chemical formula but differ in how the atoms are attached to one another. • A cis-isomer has the two substituted groups on the same side of the double bond. • A trans-isomer has the two • substituted groups on • opposite sides of the double • bond.

  9. Alkenes • Characteristic Reactions • Addition of hydrogen • Addition of halogens • Addition of hydrogen halides • Addition of sulfuric acid • Addition of water

  10. Alkenes • Nomenclature – end with ene • Eth • Prop • But • Pent • Hex • Hept • Oct • Non • Dec

  11. Alkynes • Contain only carbon and hydrogen • Contain one triple bond between carbons • Linear geometry • Characteristic reactions of alkynes • Addition of hydrogen • Addition of halogens • Addition of hydrogen halides • Addition of water

  12. Alkynes • Nomenclature – end with yne

  13. Functional Groups • Hydrocarbons may have functional groups substituted for hydrogens. • Such substitutions give carbon the capacity to form many, varied compounds with different reactivities from the original hydrocarbon. • The possibilities are nearly endless.

  14. Alkyl Halides • RX • Give the number of the carbon where the halide(s) appear. • Give the name of the halide (chloro, bromo, iodo) • Write the name of the longest chain of carbons. • C5H10Cl2 dichloropentane (must have structure to determine the numbers of carbons that are substituted)

  15. Alcohols • ROH • Give the name of the longest chain of carbons and end with –ol. • Primary – carbon with OH is connected to one other carbon • Secondary – carbon with OH is connected to two other carbons • Tertiary – carbon with OH is connected to three other carbons • C5H11OH – pentyl alcohol or pentanol(structure needed to determine number)

  16. Aldehydes • RCHO • Write the name of the longest carbon chain and add -al for the ending. • Remember that the functional group here must be on the last carbon in the molecule. • C5H10O - pentanal

  17. Ketones • RCOR` • Write the name of the longest carbon chain and end with -one. • Remember that the functional group, the carbonyl (C=O) cannot be on the end of the molecule. • Example

  18. Carboxylic Acids • RCOOH • Write the name of the longest carbon chain and end with –oic acid. • Remember that the functional group (COOH) must be on the end of the molecule. • These are organic acids and they contain one ionizable hydrogen. • Example

  19. Esters • RCOOR` • Write the name of the group (R`) and end it with –yl. • Then write the name of the R-C group and end it with –oate. • Example

  20. Ethers • ROR` • Write the name of one of the R groups and then the name of the other one in alphabetical order. • End with –ether. • Example

  21. Cyclic compounds • Cycloalkanes • Cycloalkenes • Cycloalkynes • Example

  22. Aromatic Compounds • These must contain a benzene ring. • Benzene is C6H6 and may be indicated in several different ways. • Positions on the ring may be indicated by ortho(1,2 positioning), meta(1,3 positioning), and para(1,4 positioning) prefixes. • Examples

  23. Amines • RNH2 – primary amine • RNR` - secondary amine H • RNR` - tertiary amine R • These are organic bases. • They will combine with carboxylic acids to make amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. • Examples

  24. Amides • RCONH2 • Write the name of the carbon chain and end with amide. • Examples

  25. Thiols • RSH • May be primary, secondary and tertiary. • Analogs of alcohols so they will do the same reactions. • Name the longest carbon chain and maintain the ending. • Add the word thiol to it.

More Related