History of Information and Technology Systems

1. History of Information and Technology Systems “ Those who do not Learn from history are destined to repeat it” George Santayana

2. Learning Objectives When you have finished discussing this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Understand how computer technology has evolved. 2. Identify key people in the development of computers. 3. Explain the main differences among the generations of computers. 4. Discuss trends in the development of computers.

3. Four basic periods Characterized by a principal technology used to solve the input, processing, output and communication problems of the time: • Premechanical • Mechanical • Electromechanical • Electronic

4. The Premechanical Age: (3000 B.C. - 1450 A.D.) Simple mechanism powered by hand due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology.

5. 1. Writing and Alphabets--communication. a. First humans communicated only through speaking and simple drawings known as petroglyths (signs or simple figures carved in rock). Many of these are pictographs – pictures or sketches that visually resemble that which is depicted. E.g., cave painting from Lascaux, France, c. 15,000- 10,000 BCprehistoric petroglythic imagery from Western U.S.

6. E.g., cave painting from Lascaux, France, c. 15,000-10,000 BC

7. E.g., prehistoric petroglythic imagery from Western U.S.: Geometric signs (dots, squares, etc.) with no apparent depicted object = ideographs (symbols to represent ideas or concepts.)

8. b. First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. Starting in 3100 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (southern Iraq) devised cuneiform -- the first true written language and the first real information system. Pronounced "coo-nay-eh-form" Cuneiform's evolution:Early pictographic tablet (3100 B.C.), (2500 -2800 B.C) , (2100 B.C.)

9. Early pictographic tablet (3100 B.C.).

10. Pictographs for star (which also meant heaven or god), head, and water (on the left) were turned on their side (in the middle), and eventually became cuneiform symbols (on right). Pictographs were turned on their sides (2800 B.C.) and then developed into actual cuneiform symbols (2500 B.C.) -- as this clay tablet illustrates.

11. A cuneiform table (c. 2100 B.C.) listing expenditures of grain and animals.

12. c. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet). d. The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.

14. 2. Paper and Pens--input technologies. • Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay. • About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant • Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based,

16. 3. Books and Libraries--output technologies (permanent storage devices). • Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books" • The Egyptians kept scrolls. • Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.

17. 4. The First Numbering Systems. a. Egyptian system: • The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the number 1,000 as a lotus blossom. b. The first numbering systems similar to those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in India who created a nine-digit numbering system. • Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed. 5. The First Calculators: The Abacus.

18. Abacus The first manual data device developed in China in the 12th century A.D.. The device has a frame with beads strung on wires and arithmetic calculations are performed by manipulating the beads

19. The Mechanical Age: 1450 - 1840 During this centuries, Europeans created several calculating machines that made use of existing technology, specifically clockwork gears and levers.

20. 1. The First Information Explosion. • Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany; c. 1387-1468) • Invented the movable metal-type printing process in 1450. • The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page numbers. 2. The first general purpose "computers" • Actually people who held the job title "computer: one who works with numbers." 3. Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine 4. Babbage’s Engine

21. Slide Rule Early 1600s, William Oughtred, an English clergyman, invented the slide rule • Early example of an analog computer.

22. The Pascaline (front)

23. rear view

24. Diagram of interior

25. PASCALINE • Invented by Blaise Pascal (1623-62), a French mathematician • One of the first mechanical computing machines, around 1642. • capable of adding and subtracting numbers containing up to eight digits • operated by dialing series of wheels • approximately the size of a cigar box • hand-cranked mechanical gear system • Performed computation by counting integers

26. Blaise Pascal (1623-62)

27. Leibniz's Machine. • Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), German mathematician and philosopher. • Capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and extract square roots.

28. Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716),

29. 4. Babbage Engine Invented by Charles Babbage (1792-1871), eccentric English mathematician. Considered the father of computer because his invention became the basis for modern computational devices. • The Difference Engine (1822) Designed to standard procedure for calculating the roots of polynomials. • The Analytical Engine Designed to use two types of cards – operation card and variable cards.

30. Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom Designed during the 1830s • Parts remarkably similar to modern-day computers. • The "store" • The "mill" • Punch cards. • Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom. • Introduced in 1801. • Binary logic • Fixed program that would operate in real time. • Augusta Ada Byron (1815-52). She wrote a demonstration program for the Analytic Engine, prompting many to refer her as the first programmer.

31. Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

32. Working model created in 1822. The "method of differences". The Difference Engine.

33. The machine was designed to use a form of punched card similar to Jacquard's punched cards for data input. This device would have been a full-fledged modern computer with a recognizable IPOS cycle (input, processing, output, and storage). the technology during this time could not produce the parts required to complete the analytical engine. The Analytical Engine.

34. Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.

35. Augusta Ada Byron

36. Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940. The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.

37. 1. The Beginnings of Telecommunication. a. Voltaic Battery. • Late 18th century. b. Telegraph. • Early 1800s. c. Morse Code. • Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse • Dots and dashes. d. Telephone and Radio. e.Followed by the discovery that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point at which they originated. f. These two events led to the invention of the radio • Guglielmo Marconi • 1894

38. 2. Electromechanical Computing a. Herman Hollerith and IBM. - Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) in 1880 - Census Machine - Early punch cards - Punch card workers By 1890 The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). Its first logo b. Mark 1

39. Alexander Graham Bell. • 1876

40. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 Tabulating Machine Company merged with two other companies to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company Dr. Herman Hollerith

41. Census Machine

42. Early punch cards

43. 1924, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company became International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). marketing expert named Thomas Watson Sr (Business partner of Hollerith

44. Mark 1 Paper tape stored data and program instructions.

46. Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University Built the Mark I • Completed January 1942 • 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons • used about 750,000 parts • slow, taking 3 to 5 seconds to perform a single multiplication operation

47. The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present The first electronic computers were complex machines that required large investments to build and use. The computer industry might never have developed without government support and funding

48. 1. First Tries. - Early 1940s - Electronic vacuum tubes. 2. Dr. John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert a. The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) b. The First Stored-ProgramComputer(s) - Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer. - John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945: "The Report on the EDVAC"

49. British scientists used this report and outpaced the Americans. - Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester University Where the Manchester Mark I went into operation in June 1948--becoming the first stored-program computer. • Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years before EDVAC was finished. EDSAC became the first stored-program computer in general use (i.e., not a prototype).

50. c. The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). • Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the development of a computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) • Remington Rand. • First UNIVAC delivered to Census Bureau in 1951. • a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) went into action a few months before UNIVAC and became the world's first commercial computer.