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AP Psych Class Announcements:

AP Psych Class Announcements:. Test make-ups: Evalyn , Jenny, 291-303 Quiz make-up:. Aim: to identify the schedules of reinforcement Discuss role of observational learning Do NOW: quiz 304-22 HW: 1.Practice questions Study notes for TEST Monday!!!!!! Bring in ch 7 notecards.

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AP Psych Class Announcements:

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  1. AP Psych Class Announcements: Test make-ups: Evalyn, Jenny, 291-303 Quiz make-up: Aim: to identify the schedules of reinforcement Discuss role of observational learning Do NOW: quiz 304-22 HW: 1.Practice questions • Study notes for TEST Monday!!!!!! • Bring in ch 7 notecards

  2. Learning Long lasting change in behavior due to experience.

  3. What behaviors have you learned? • List all your behaviors you can think of since waking up this morning. • How many are learned?

  4. Watch these two clips and answer on scrap sheet of paper: • 1. What do they both have in common? • 2 What is differentabout the techniques used to help the subject acquire the behavior? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXZPwZjipS0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI

  5. Associative Learning • Associative Learning: learning by linking two things together. • “When I wear this shirt, the girls really notice me!”

  6. Two types of associative learning: • *Classical conditioning- learning by association “When I hear ‘We Are Family’ it reminds me of Bayside” • *Operant Conditioning- learning by consequences “No, I can’t hang out with you guys until my grades come up.”

  7. Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • Studied Digestion of Dogs. • He noticed that dogs would salivate before they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…) • Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho

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  9. Classical Conditioning • This is passive learning It is automatic…learner does NOT have to think). • Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response. • Unconditional Response (UCR)- natural response to the UCS. • EX: Do you have to be taught to feel pain when you get a shot? No! It’s natural.

  10. Classical Conditioning Con’t • Conditioned stimulus (CS) – what is being introduced, is a new stimulus. • Conditioned Response (CR)- is the newly conditioned behavior • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtv2_-2mHck

  11. Answering classical conditioning questions: *I always teach my students to use Pavlov’s conditioning as a template to help you figure out any question. Let’s review: UCS- food CS-bell UCR-salivation CR-salivation

  12. Practice exercise: • Captain Hook had a nasty encounter with a crocodile in Never-Never Land. As a result of the battle, he lost his hand to the croc which also swallowed an alarm clock. Fortunately for Hook, the loud ticking warned him of the croc’s approach. Unfortunately, now ANY clock’s ticking how ushers a full-blown anxiety attack for him. • UCS- CS- • UCR- CR-

  13. Classical Conditioning • After a while, the body begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS. • This is called Acquisition

  14. Acquisition • The initial stage of learning. • The phase where the neutral stimulus is associated with the UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the CR (thus becoming the CS). Does timing matter? YES!!!! • The CS should come BEFORE the UCS( bell then food) • They should be very close (like half a second) together in timing.

  15. Classical Conditioning • Acquisition does not last forever. • The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have EXTINCTION.

  16. Extinction • The diminishing of a conditioned response. • Will eventually happen when the UCS does not follow the CS. Is extinction permanent?

  17. Spontaneous Recovery • Sometimes, after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.

  18. Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance. After a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

  19. Generalization and Discrimination Generalization Discrimination Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR. • Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.

  20. Generalization • The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.

  21. Practice: • During extinction, the _____ is omitted; as a result, the ___ seems to disappear. • A. UCS; UCR • B. CS; CR • C. UCS; CR • D. CS; UCR

  22. Pavlov spent the rest of his life outlining his ideas. He came up with 5 critical terms that together make up classical conditioning. • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery • Generalization • Discrimination

  23. Practice: Match the principle with the example. • A. Extinction B. Generalization C. Discrimination D. Spontaneous Recovery • 1. Carla had to go to her dentist often to have painful work done on her teeth. The dentist wears a certain aftershave and now Carla finds herself becomes tense and anxious if she is around another man wearing the same scent. • 2. Carla does not feel anxious around the smell of cologne or perfume. • 3. Carla began to date a guy that wore the same aftershave as her dentist. After a while, she stopped feeling tense when she noticed the smell. • 4. A year later, Carla happened to bump into her dentist in the store. She noticed that she began feeling tense after smelling his aftershave.

  24. Classical Conditioning and Humans • John Watson brought Classical Conditioning to psychology with his Baby Albert experiment. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE&feature=related This type of Classical Conditioning is also known as Aversive Conditioning.

  25. What did Watson teach Albert to Fear? • UCS- CS- • UCR- CR- • BTW…Was this experiment ethical?????

  26. Learned Taste Aversions • When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong. • Even when food and sickness are hours apart.

  27. John B. Watson “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

  28. ????Question???? • So….is it possible to train humans to associate two things automatically, thus control their behavior??? • Can we use this for a good cause, like helping people get rid of their addictions? • Do we have that kind of power over others?

  29. Cognitive Processes • treating alcoholism, using the drug Antabuse • causes nausea and violent vomiting when combined with alcohol • attempts to create a taste aversion to alcohol • Problem: alcoholics tend to stop taking Antabuse so they can drink again • Treatments that ignore cognition (our thought processes) often fail!!!!!!!! Classical conditioning is not just “stamping in” associations

  30. The Garcia effect • People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the food was safe.

  31. Biological Predispositions:Garcia and Koelling Study • Studied rats and how they make associations. • Some associations seem to be adaptive. • Why did the rats begin to avoid the water?

  32. Biopsychosocial influences on learning

  33. How have our emotions or behaviors been classically conditioned? • In slasher movies, sexually arousing images of women are sometimes paired with violence against women. • Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing?

  34. Operant Conditioning The Learner is NOT passive. Learning based on consequence!!!

  35. Operant conditioningWhen an organism associates its behaviors with a reinforcement. The organism associates the behavior with consequences; either negative or positive.

  36. Thorndike’s “Law of Effect”- • quickly rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk6H7Ukp6To&feature=related

  37. What is Behaviorism? • School of psychology- studies scientifically observable behaviors, not unconscious drives. • Behaviorists like tabula rasa (blank slate) • Free will is an illusion. • Includes classical, operant and social learning theory

  38. John B. Watson “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar man or thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.”

  39. Principles of Reinforcement • What is a reinforcement? It is anything that increases the frequency of the respondent’s behavior

  40. Two kinds of Reinforcers • Positive Reinforcers: Uses a reward (pleasurable stimulus) in increase the respondent’s behavior. For Ex: praise smile approval compliment high score security pay raise good feeling recognition

  41. Negative Reinforcers These increase respondent behavior by reducing or removing a negative or aversive stimulus. Examples: Keeping you on restriction until your grades improve Taking aspirin to relieve a headache Putting up your umbrella to stop from getting wet Following prison rules to get out of confinement Fanning yourself to relieve the heat Smoking to relieve your anxiety

  42. Positive reinforcement • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4&feature=related • How is Penny reinforced? • What is inaccurate about this clip?

  43. Some reinforcers are stronger than others: • Primary – are rewarding in and of themselves, fills a biological need i.e. Avoiding pain, food Secondary – the value of these are learned i.e. affection, achievement, money, recognition, things…..

  44. Token Economy • Every time a desired behavior is performed, a token is given. • They can trade tokens in for a variety of prizes (reinforcers) • Used in homes, prisons, mental institutions and schools. • EX: star, points …

  45. Punishment Meant to decrease a behavior. • Addition of something unpleasant. OR • Removal of something pleasant. Punishment works best when it is immediately done after behavior and if it is harsh!

  46. Positive or Negative? Studying for a test. Putting your seatbelt on to stop the buzzing sound. Having a headache and taking an aspirin. Getting a kiss for doing the dishes. Faking sick to avoid AP Psych class. Privileges in Prison for Good behavior

  47. B.F. Skinner • The Mac Daddy of Operant Conditioning. • Used a “Skinner Box” ( a.k.a.Operant Conditioning Chamber) to prove his concepts. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

  48. Skinner Box

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