New actors, new visions

1. New actors, new visions The rise of a Palestinian counter-state, 1967-1987

2. Arab-Israeli Conflict (1940s-1960s) • Palestinians politically divided • West Bank Palestinians under Jordanian rule • Jordan grants Pal’s Jordanian citizenship, annexes territory (1950) • Incorporation of Pal. notables into Jordanian govt. • Gaza Pal’s under Egyptian rule • No citizenship, refugee status • Refugees in Lebanon, elsewhere • Arab-Israeli Wars: 1948/49, 1956, 1967, 1973 The Suez Canal, object of British, French, and Israeli invasion in 1956.

3. New resistance organizations Fatah, 1959 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 1964 Umbrella org - factionalized Fatah dominant after ‘69 New ethos Palestinians in charge (not Arab states) Liberation of Palestine prioritized (not Arab unity Evolving plans for Palestine/Israel Revolutionary struggle attacks on infrastructure and civilians (raids on Israel from Jordan, Lebanon) PFLP Diplomatic (1974 UN recognition) Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (rise of Palestinian “counter-state,” 1960s onward ) Fatah leader Yasir Arafat, elected chairman of the PLO In 1969.

4. Palestinian counter-state, cont. • New images and identities: from refugees to resistance • Spread of Palestinian resistance to to all classes, genders • New politics- PLO as quasi-governmental org. • Jordan, Lebanon • Arab state sponsorship/tension Poster announcing the annual conference of the General Union of Palestinian Students (GUPS) that took place in Algeria in 1971. The text on the left reads: “Despite the scourge of violent repression and terror, Palestinian students advance the revolution and are the strong voice of the Palestinian people everywhere.” Poster and information: http://liberationgraphics.com/ppp/Introduction.html

5. New boundaries: Six-Day War • Causes • Syrian-Israeli tensions; Fatah attacks & shelling of Israel • Arab propaganda war; threats against Israel • Soviet message to Egyptian President Gemal abd al-Nasser that Israel was massing forces on the Syrian border and was about to attack (Egypt, Syria, and Iraqi armies had a defense pact) (message later proven to be false) • Egypt blocks Straits of Tiran (shipping lane to Israel), cutting off Israel’s supply lines. Destroyed Israeli tank and jeep on the road to Old Jerusalem. Photo:Israeli Press Office Photo Archives.

7. 5 June 1967 Israeli forces wage a pre-emptive strike and destroy Egyptian air fields. Destroy its air forces on the ground. Taking advantage of Jordanian shelling of Israel and other fighting, Israeli leaders seize “historic opportunity” and take East Jerusalem. Then take West Bank. War finished June 10: Israel takes Golan Heights from Syria, West Bank & East Jerusalem from Jordan, Gaza Strip and Sinai from Egypt. Six-Day War: What happened Moshe Dayan, Israeli Defense Minister in 1967

8. 1 million new Palestinians under Israeli military rule (No citizenship) New borders and new sense of Israeli security Israelis announce they won’t withdraw unless they receive full peace agreements negotiated directly with Arab states Nasser resigns, brought back into office by popular support. General expectation that Israel will return the territories 1981 Israel annexes Jerusalem and most of Golan Heights (most of orig. inhabitants fled) Six-Day War: Results

9. ’67 War: Other effects • New opportunities for Fatah leadership • Quieted Pan-Arabism • “Reunited” many Palestinians under common Israeli occupation Palestinians skirt a burned-out truck in Jerusalem. Photo unattributed.

10. Israeli policies towards the territories: General Physical but not social integration • Suppression of Palestinian nationalism • Citizenship NOT extended to Palestinians in Occupied Territories • Attempts to control as much land as possible • economic integration of West Bank and Gaza with Israel proper

11. “Carrot and Stick Phase” (1967-1977) Military rule of the territories Late 1960s and early ‘70s, relatively “liberal” Expansion of universities, permission to engage in limited political activities large degree of self government to municipalities Open bridge policy between Jordan and West Bank (initially) harsh repression for any demonstration of resistance Deportations, especially of leaders of Palestinian nationalism Collective punishment (curfews, blowing up of houses) Economic integration with Israel Israeli Policies: Two Main Phases A memorial at Bir Zeit University in the West Bank, which expanded in the 1970s and became a center of Palestinian nationalism. Photo: Randa Shaath

12. “Iron Fist Phase” (1977 onward) • administrative detention • Pal’s could be held for 6 months without trial (62 such cases in 1980-85; 131 in last five months of 1985); torture • dismissal of Palestinian mayors; interrogation, deportation • freezing of Palestinian building permits, new limitations on freedom of expression, editors arrested, etc • Settlements, government land seizures, Israeli military control • most intense period of settlement: ’77-’85: 119 new Israeli settlements • By 1985 Israeli authorities have control over 52% of the West Bank’s land and at least 40% of the Gaza Strip.

13. Arab-Israeli wars 1956, 1967, 1973, 1982 invasion of Lebanon Intent: secure borders, eradicate Arab military threat, expand boundaries, destroy PLO bases (after ‘56) Arab-Israeli peace settlements Camp David (Egypt) 1978 Jordan (1994) Internal Israeli disagreements over the future Israel state consolidation: wars, peace, and uncertainty Former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, moments before he was assassinated in 1981. Sadat led Egypt against Israel in the 1974 “October/Yom Kippur” War and signed a peace treaty at Camp David with Israel in 1978.