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History of English: Middle English, Early Modern English

History of English: Middle English, Early Modern English. Based on Crystal chapters 5 and 6 Power Point presentation developed by Alan Firth – adapted by Andrew Fish. Old English-Latin-Old Norse. 436 Roman occupation ends 449 Angles, Saxons, Jutes begin colonisation (p. 6)

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History of English: Middle English, Early Modern English

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  1. History of English:Middle English, Early Modern English Based on Crystal chapters 5 and 6 Power Point presentation developed by Alan Firth – adapted by Andrew Fish

  2. Old English-Latin-Old Norse • 436 Roman occupation ends • 449 Angles, Saxons, Jutes begin colonisation (p. 6) • Celtic language communities gradually pushed north and westwards (Cornwall, Wales, Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland) • Distinct A-S kingdoms and OE dialects emerge (p. 28) • 597 Augustine arrives from Rome (Christianity spreads: in Latin) • 792 Viking raids begin

  3. OE-ON • 865 Danes occupy Northumbria (p. 25 and 26, influence of Old Norse) • 871 Alfred becomes king of Wessex: promotion of and translations into English (OE) • 886 Treaty of Wedmore (Danelaw) (p. 25) • By C9th, ‘English’ (OE) already looking like a hybrid - though clearly Germanic - language: OE, Latin, ON (see p. 26) • 1066 Norman Conquest

  4. Middle English • 1066 marks beginning of new social and linguistic era in Britain: boundary of OE and ME • ME: ca 1100-1450 • Early ME: the rise of French and Latin (royalty, parliament, schools, courts, church), although English still used widely (p. 31) • England is a diglossic community • 1362: English used for first time in parliament

  5. Transitions • When languages come together, a process of simplification (grammatical) universally occurs • The process of creolisation and pidginisation (p. 32) • The decay of inflections

  6. 1384: The Lord’s Prayer • Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name; þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as it is dounin heuene.yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred. And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us.And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.

  7. 1611 • Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name.ﾊThy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen.ﾊGiue us this day our daily bread.ﾊAnd forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters.ﾊAnd lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen.

  8. Lexical hybridisation • Three layers of formality • Low: Anglo-Saxon, Medium: French High: Latin/Greek • ask question interrogate • folk people populace • guts entrails intestines • gift* present donation • word term lexeme • help aid assistance • fair* (archaic) beautiful attractive • foe enemy adversary • rise mount ascend • hearty cordial cardiac

  9. Pronunciation: The Great Vowel Shift ca. 1400- 1600 • English vowel sounds and vowel spellings part ways･Affected the long vowels only. • mis (ﾔmeesﾕ) mice, bite, time, night • gees (ﾔgayssﾕ) geese, beet, feet • leef (ﾔlehfﾕ) leaf, cheat, plead, meat • loude (ﾔloodﾕ) loud, house, flower, tower, about • goos (ﾔgohsﾕ) goose, boot, pool, soon • stoon (ﾔstawnﾕ) stone, no

  10. Early Modern English Milestones: The English Reformation • Henry VIII desires to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boleyn • Divorce is not permitted in the Roman church • Henry declares a separate Church of England, with himself and the Archbishop of Canterbury at its head • To emphasize the separation and the Englishness of this church, Henry and his successors develop a canon of church documents in English: • The Book of Common Prayer 1549･The King James Bible 1611 • Previous to this, translating the Bible was a daring act in defiance of the Papacy in Rome

  11. Early Modern English - ca. 1500-1800 A. D.Major changes in the language • ･Grammar:･Most suffixes of OE and ME gone･Norse-origin pronouns win: them, she replace hem, hie･Norse present-tense ending -(e)s replaces OE -(e)th • ･doth > does; saith > says･Emergence of modern verb forms such as ﾔdoﾕ in negatives and questions; present progressive (e.g., is walking)･Shakespeare:･"I doubt it not" and "I do not doubt you"･"What sayde he?" and "What do you see?"

  12. Early ME • Shakespeare (1590-1610): hundreds of new words appear for the first time in his work: • addiction, assassination, comply, consign, denote,compulsive, discontent, domineering, exhale, generous, hostile,investment, luggage, obscene, pious, protester, retirement,survivor, supervise, tranquil, unreal, useful • Phrases from Shakespeare: • breathe one’s last, cheer up, foregone conclusion, good riddance,household name, salad days, seamy side, tower of strength, etc. 


  13. The effects of printing Literacy spreads as books become cheap and accessible･ • Printing influences standardization:･Printed documents originate in London, home of standard dialect･ • Practical need to print only one version of a book (not multiple dialect versions)･Begins fixing of spellings (though inconsistency remanis for centuries)･ • The printed word gains authority over handwritten documents･ • Prestige of document content: religious, scientific, literary, governmental･ • Power of elites to control what gets printed

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