Political Experiments of the 1920’s

1. Political Experiments of the 1920’s Unit I

2. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • New Governments • Soviet Union – Bolsheviks – _________________________________ • Germany & Austria Hungary – Democratically elected _________________________________

3. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • Wilsonian vision of democratic, self-determined nations flounders • Harsh realities of ________________, aggressive _______________, revived political conservatism, and lack of experience in democratic parliamentary government. • Also, important sectors of citizens believed parliamentary gov’t was naturally _____________ or unequal to great nationalistic enterprise

4. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement II. Demands for Revision of Versailles • ________________ and discontent among numerous countries • Germany ___________________ – endless haggling over reparations payments • Various Eastern European states felt ___________________ in the case of self-determination • Calls for ________________ adjustments

5. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • ______________ believed the treaty was being inadequately enforced • Calls for enforcement of change contributed to __________________________________ • Political figures take advantage of this turmoil to capture ____________________________

6. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement III. Postwar Economic Problems • Desire to return to prewar economic prosperity would prove __________________ • Millions of people had been killed = loss of ______________, __________________ and ___________________ • Widespread ______________________ of transport facilities, mines, and industry

7. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • European financial _____________________ and ____________________________ disappears with war • European nations deeply in debt to the ___________ and each other • Bolsheviks _____________________ tsarist debt – mostly owed to __________________ • US asks for no payment from __________________, but demands payment from ____________________ • Nations compelled to pursue selfish ___________________________ economic aims

8. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • _______________ and ______________ conditions change radically • _______________ withdraws from ____________________ economic order • New states had weak, __________________ economies • New states and new borders separate __________________ from ___________ materials • Railway systems were controlled by ________________________________ • New ________________ barriers were raised

9. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • US no longer reliant on _________________ production – becomes a major competitor • Postwar economic growth in colonies or former colonies lowered demand for ________________________ goods • US and Japan began to penetrate markets in _____________________ and ___________

10. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement IV. New Roles for Government and Labor • Large gov’t bureaucracies planned the course of ________________ and ______________ of goods during wartime • Governments realized the large productive and employment power of an economy placed under __________________________ • This would be carried over to _____________________ operations

11. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • Through _______________________ during the war, labor achieved new prominence and their demands could not be ignored by the gov’t • __________________________________ and union recognition could not be abandoned • ________________________ was suspicious of the new role of labor and socialist political parties • Middle perpetuates the ______________________ to fend off the further social and economic advances of the working classes

12. Political and Economic Factors After the Paris Settlement • The turn to _________________ democracy and the extension of ____________________ to women & previously disenfranchised males = gov’t must now answer to a large ______________________

13. Joyless Victors • France: The Search for Security • French elect a doggedly ____________________ Chamber of Deputies • Many _________________________ in Chamber • ____________________ loses bid for presidency • Deputies want to achieve future security against ___________________ and Russian Communism • Make few concessions to domestic ____________________________ • France governed by ________ different cabinets between 1920 & 1933

14. Joyless Victors • New Alliances • 1920 & 1921 – Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia form the ____________________ • France forms alliance with entente and _______________ • Little Entente was no match for __________________ nor were they reliable • Poland and Romania more concerned about ___________________ • Feeling isolated and in danger, ___________________ and ______________________ sign an treaty in 1922 • Diplomatic and ___________________ treaty proves useful for both • Germans helped train Russian _____________ which helped Germans gain experience with ___________________ and _____________________

15. Joyless Victors • Quest for Reparations • France declares Germany in ______________ of reparations • Sends troops to occupy the ______________ mining and manufacturing region • Germans go on ___________________ • France sends ________________ to run mines and railroads • Germans __________ • England stayed out of issue, became suspicious of ______________ and sympathetic toward ______________ • France & Germany suffer increased _______________ • France’s economy damaged

16. Joyless Victors • France 1924 – conservatives out, coalition of leftist parties in (Edouard Herriot leader) • Recognition of __________________ and more conciliatory policy toward ____________________ • _________________________________ becomes foreign minister – champion of the League, did not believe French military power gave it unlimited power over foreign affairs in Europe • _______________________ intensifies in 1925 – Poincare returns to office in 1926 – inflation cools an the Franc recovers • _______________________ remain power for the rest of the 1920’s – France enjoys general prosperity until 1931

17. Joyless Victors II. Great Britain • 1918 – Parliament expanded the _______________ to all men aged 21 and women aged 30 (age lowered to 21 for women in 1928) • Liberal, ____________________________________ becomes Prime Minister • British economy ___________________ throughout the 1920’s • High _____________________ and expanded gov’t ____________________ programs

18. Joyless Victors • The First Labor Government • 1922 – Lloyd George is replaced by Conservative, Bonar Law – a Liberal would never be prime minister again • Law is replaced by Stanley Baldwin • 1923 – conservatives lose their majority in the __________________________________________ • ______________________________ has the 2nd largest group of members in House of Commons • Labor Party was ____________________, but not revolutionary • Ramsay MacDonald faced with proving that the Labor Party is ____________________ and ______________________

19. Joyless Victors • The General Strike • 1924 – ___________________________ regain power – Stanley Baldwin returns to office • Gov’t attempts to restore prewar conditions of _______________ • Britain returns to the ____________ standard • Gov’t sets conversion rate too _____________ against other currencies – British goods become too expensive • Management tries to lower prices by cutting _____________ – coal industry most affected

20. Joyless Victors • Coal workers go on strike – other sympathetic workers commence a _______________________ lasting 9 days • Ultimately the miners and other unions would capitulate – gov’t reconcile with labor • ________________________________ improves somewhat during this time

21. Joyless Victors • Empire • __________________ and __________________ begin to demonstrate new independence • _________________ – Congress Party led by Mohandis Ghandi was drawing widespread attention • India can now impose ___________________ to protect its own industry

22. Joyless Victors • Ireland • 1914 – _________________________ bill passed Parliament, but it was not implemented during the war • ___________________________, tired of waiting, foment a nationalist uprising on Easter Monday, 1916 – suppressed in les than one week • Leaders are executed, become _______________ • Leadership shifts from Irish Party in Parliament to the extremist ____________________ movement (“Ourselves Alone”)

23. Joyless Victors • Sinn Fein Party wins all but four of the Irish seas in Parliament • Convene their own Irish Parliament in January 1919 and declare __________________________ • Military wing of Sinn Fein becomes the ________________________________________ • _____________________ war breaks out between IRA and British army • Treaty signed in December 1921 – Irish Free State declared – ________________________ remains with GB • _________________________ between Irish moderates and diehards • __________________ support treaty – _________________ want complete independence

24. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment Introduction • Bolsheviks seize power through _____________ rather than through political means • Early membership was less than _____% • Marxist-Leninist ideology was far more encompassing than the ____________________ of the Fascists and the racism of the nazis • Communists regarded their gov’t as an ______________________ event in the history of the world and the development of humanity

25. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment • The Third International • Founded in 1919 – better known as the _______________ • Imposed _______________ Conditions on any other socialist party wishing to become a member • Wished to make the ____________ model of socialism the rule for all socialist parties outside of the Soviet Union • Emerging communist parties modeled themselves after the ____________ party and pursued policies dictated by Moscow

26. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment • Emerging social democratic parties attempted to pursue both ______________ reform and ______________ parliamentary politics • These two groups tended to fight each other • ____________________ political movements rarely had to confront a united opposition on the left

27. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment II. War Communism • The Red Army under _________________ organization suppressed internal and foreign military opposition • Secret police was known as ____________ • War Communism = ____________________ • __________ confiscates and operates banks, transport facilities, and heavy industry • Seized grain from ______________ in countryside to feed the army and workers in the city

28. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment • The revolution triumphed, but ____________ remained • The Navy at Kronstadt mutinied, but Red Army continued to _____________________

29. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment III. The New Economic Policy (NEP) • The NEP included some _______________ economic enterprise • Peasant were permitted to farm for a _____________ • They would pay taxes, but were allowed to sell their ____________ grain on the open market • Lenin saw the peasantry as the _________ to the success of the revolution

30. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment • Free enterprise _______________ within light industry and domestic retail trade • Industrial production reached ________ levels • Russia was becoming a land of ____________________ and privately owned ___________________________

31. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment IV. Stalin Versus Trotsky • ___________ – highest governing committee of the Communist Party • Some people not happy with the return of _____________ • Lenin has __________ in 1922; dies in 1924 • Two factions emerge – _________________ • __________ was the general secretary of the party in 1922

32. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment • Lenin criticized both men before his death, but _________ more so than ___________ • ___________ political ties and daily operating power gave him the upper hand • ___________ Left Wing Position • Expropriation of farm production – _____________ should pay for industrialization • Success in Russia depended on ______________ elsewhere in the world – need for ________________________________ of other nations

33. The Beginning of the Soviet Experiment • Stalin’s Position • _________________ – right-wing faction • Manipulated by ______________, they wanted to retain the NEP and slow industrialization • Doctrine of socialism in one country – __________ could do it on her own • Stalin is not an __________________ & his tactics could be ____________ • _______ eventually pushes ___________ out of Russia • _________ now firmly in control of the _____________ state