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Understanding LAMP Technology: Essential Terminology and Lamp Types

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of lamp technology, focusing on key terminologies like lumen, candlepower, color temperature, and Color Rendering Index (CRI). It explains various lamp types, including incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen lamps, detailing their characteristics and applications. By understanding lumen maintenance, lamp sizing, and the differences between lamp shapes, readers will gain insight into lighting technology and make informed decisions for their lighting needs, emphasizing energy efficiency and optimal illumination.

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Understanding LAMP Technology: Essential Terminology and Lamp Types

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  1. BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business Partners and Philips Lighting Company

  2. Lamp Terminology • Lumen (lm): Total quantity of light produced independent of direction • Candlepower (cp): Quantity of light emitted in a specific direction • Illumination: Quantity of light falling on a surface measured in footcandles • Footcandle (fc): Amount of lumens falling on an area (lm/sf)

  3. Lamp Terminology • Lux (lx): Metric equivalent of the footcandle. 1 fc ~ 10 lx • Color Temperature (Kelvin, K) The apparent color of a lamp expressed in Kelvin 3000K ~ Warm White 4100K ~ Cool White • Color Rendering Index (CRI) Measure from 0 - 100 of how well a lamp renders color based on incandescent being 100 (best).

  4. Lamp Terminology • Lumen Maintenance: How well a lamp maintains light output over life. Usually shown as a percentage.

  5. Lamp Sizing • Based on diameter at widest point • All lamp types follow this format • Sizes are described in 1/8” increments • Examples: A-19 = 19/8” = 2-3/8” diameter T-8 = 8/8” = 1” diameter PAR-38 = 38/8” = 4-3/4” diameter

  6. Basic Lamp Types • Incandescent • Fluorescent • High Intensity Discharge • Mercury Vapor • Metal Halide • High Pressure Sodium • Low Pressure Sodium • Induction

  7. Incandescent Lamps • First electric light source ever used • Light produced by heating a metal (filament) • Utilizes various bases as determined by application • Starts instantly • Requires no re-strike time • Available for operation at various voltages

  8. Types of Incandescent Lamps • Standard • Halogen

  9. Standard Lamps • Yellow in appearance • Most often found in residential applications • Poor lumen maintenance due to “blackening” of bulb wall • Applications: • General lighting • Task lighting • Accent lighting • Flood lighting • Specialty lighting

  10. Halogen Lamps • Provides “white” light • Up to 50% more efficient than standard incandescent • Up to 2.5 times the life than standard incandescent • Bulb walls remain virtually clean due to halogen process • Improved lumen maintenance

  11. Halogen Process • Halogen process provides the longer life and higher lumen maintenance • Tungsten evaporates from the filament and condenses on bulb wall • Tungsten atom combines with the halogen atom to form tungsten-halogen molecule • Floating molecule comes in the vicinity of the filament • Very hot filament evaporates halogen • Tungsten re-deposited on filament

  12. Halogen Lamp Applications • Display and accent lighting • General lighting • Task lighting • Floodlighting

  13. Incandescent Lamp Shapes A-19 BR-40 ER-30 G-30 Arbitrary Bulged Reflector Elliptical Reflector Globe PAR-38 R-30 T-10 Parabolic Aluminized Reflector Reflector Tubular

  14. Types of Fluorescent Lamps • Pre-Heat • Slimline • Rapid Start • High Output • Very High Output • Compact

  15. Pre-Heat Lamps • Bi-pin base • Utilize starter circuit • Preheats electrodes in lamp before starting • Starts in 2 to 3 seconds • Example: Old fluorescent desk lamp -- Hold down button to start • F15T8, F30T8 (these are not the energy-efficient T8’s)

  16. Slimline Lamps • Single pin base • Lamps start instantly • Ballast provides high voltage • Found on 8’ lamp type -- F96T12

  17. Rapid Start Lamps • Most common lamp type • Bi-pin base • Cathodes continuously heated • Lamps start in 1 to 2 seconds with rapid start ballast • Lamps start instantly with instant start ballast • F32T8 is an example

  18. High Output • Recessed double contact base • Rapid start circuits • Operate at 800 milliamperes • Produce 40% more light as regular T12 • Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor applications • F96T12/HO is a typical 8’ lamp found

  19. Very High Output • Recessed double contact base • Rapid start circuits • Operate at 1500 milliamperes • Produce twice as much light as regular T12 • Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor applications • F96T12/VHO is a typical 8’ lamp found

  20. Energy-Efficient T12 Lamps • Interchangeable with standard T12 lamps • Operate at 15 to 20% lower wattage (i.e. 40 vs. 34) • Produce approximately 12% less lumens • More efficient than standard lamps • Will not operate to specification in temperatures below 60°F

  21. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Energy-efficient replacement for many incandescent lamps • Up to 75% energy savings • About 4 times the efficacy • Up to 13 times the life • Operates similarly to standard fluorescent lamps • Ballast required - internal or external • High color rendering • Excellent lumen maintenance - up to 90%

  22. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Screw-in lamps • Installed directly into incandescent sockets • Integral electronic ballast in base • Various sizes, shapes and wattages • 82 CRI @ 2700K • Dimmable available

  23. Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes Universal A-Lamp Reflector Globe Table Outdoor Specialty

  24. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Plug-in lamps • Require new sockets • Independent ballast system • Various sizes, shapes and wattages • Screw-in adapters available for some applications • 82 CRI and various color temperatures • Some are dimmable

  25. Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes Double Tube Quad Tube Triple Tube Low Wattage Double Tube High Wattage

  26. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps • Consist of 3 lamp types • Mercury Vapor • Metal Halide • High Pressure Sodium • Gases in lamp are under high pressure

  27. Mercury Vapor Lamps • Oldest of the HID family: Introduced in 1950 • Least efficient of the HID family: 32 - 63 LPW • 12,000 - 24,000 hour life • Blue-green color light • Applications • Industrial • Parking Areas • Landscape • Roadways • Security

  28. Metal Halide Lamps • Introduced in 1964 • Superior color rendering over mercury vapor • Increased efficacy over mercury vapor: 60-125 LPW • 6,000 to 20,000 hours life • Applications • Industrial • Commercial • Flood Lighting • Sports • Street/Parking Lighting • Retail

  29. High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps • Introduced in 1965 • Most efficient of HID family: 65-140 LPW • Poor color rendering • Excellent life: 10,000 - 30,000 hours • Applications • Industrial • Warehouses • Roadway • Security • Flood Lighting • Parking lots

  30. Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps • Lamp gases are under low pressure • Highest efficacy of any light source: up to 183 LPW • Monochromatic yellow light • All objects appear gray • Application • Security • Areas where high efficacy required and color rendition not a concern

  31. Operating Characteristics of HID & LPS

  32. Induction Lighting • 100,000 hour life • Operates in temperature range of -30°F to 130°F • High color rendering • Available in various colors • Operates using a magnetic field • Vibration resistant

  33. Induction Lighting • High power factor • Cooler operation than HID sources • Applications: • Problematic maintenance areas • Security lighting • Low bay • Flood lighting • Landscape lighting • General lighting

  34. Range of Light Output (Lumens)

  35. Range of Rated Life (Hours)

  36. Lamp Efficacy

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