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Surface Operations and LAHSO

Surface Operations and LAHSO. Resources. AC 120-74 AC 91-74 GOM 7-8 Flight Crewmember Duties GOM 7-34 Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) Ops Specs A027 Land and Hold Short Operations. Surface Operations – Tradewind Policies and Procedures.

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Surface Operations and LAHSO

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  1. Surface Operations and LAHSO

  2. Resources • AC 120-74 • AC 91-74 • GOM 7-8 Flight Crewmember Duties • GOM 7-34 Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) • Ops Specs A027 Land and Hold Short Operations

  3. Surface Operations – Tradewind Policies and Procedures • GOM 7-8 Flight Crewmember Duties outlines the requirement to maintain a sterile cockpit in which during, taxi, takeoffs, climbs or descents below 10,000 feet the cockpit communications and crew activities shall only be directed to the safe management of the aircraft. • Tradewind Standard Operating Procedures, available on the www.tradewindpilots.info, outlines several required procedures relating to surface operations. • The heading bug and flight director will always be set to runway heading prior to departure regardless of first heading assigned by ATC or SID. • Prior to entering the runway the Pilot Not Flying is required to look for aircraft on final and call “Final is Clear” if no aircraft are observed. • Upon lineup on the runway the Pilot Flying checks the heading indicator and says “Heading is _____” then the Pilot Not Flying checks their heading indicator and says “That Checks for Runway ____” if the heading does in fact check.

  4. Surface Operations - General Guidelines • Discuss your planned taxi route, both to and from the FBO, to include Hot Spots, runway crossings and complicated intersections. Print out airport diagrams for complicated and/or unfamiliar airports. • Copy taxi instructions carefully. Both pilots should listen to and agree to the assigned routing. When there is confusion ask ATC to repeat the taxi instructions. • The crew should verbally confirm ATC crossing clearances with each other. Confirm with ATC if unsure about crossing clearance before crossing a runway. Remember, you always need a clearance to cross an active runway. • At least one pilot should be looking outside at all times. At night or at times with restricted visibility, tasks may be completed before taxiing begins so both pilots can look outside. • If heads down time is required wait until on a straight taxiway with no turns if at all possible. Alert the other pilot that you will be heads down, just as you do when flight. • Be mindful when expected taxi or runway clearances are different than the actual clearance. • When instructed to Line up and Wait, question ATC after 2 minutes if still holding on the runway. • And as always, if you are unsure of your position communicate to ATC and the other crewmember. Ask for a progressive taxi from ATC if necessary. • When at a non towered airport be mindful that other pilots could be using a different runway than you including the opposite of your planned departure runway. Don’t forget to include the airport name at the beginning and end of your transmission.

  5. Airport Markings and Signs – Vehicle Roadway Markings

  6. Mulitlateration Sensor ASDE-3 & X • ASDE-X uses RADAR (SSR) and Satellite technology to allow controllers to track surface movement of aircraft and vehicles. • It uses combined information from SSR, multilateration sensors, ADS-B and Transponders to determine aircraft position and ID. • ASDE-3 uses only RADAR and transponder interrogation. • The ATIS will broadcast if ASDE is in use. Will also indicate ASDE operations on the taxi diagram.

  7. Chicago O’Hare Summer 2008 ASDE Displays

  8. Current ASDE-X Airports

  9. AMASS • Airport Movement Area Safety System • It’s software is designed for use with existing ASDE-3 and X equipment to process and provide automated conflict alerts on runways and for aircraft close in on the approach path with other aircraft and airport vehicles. • Warnings are both aural and visual and are shown and the ASDE display in the Tower Cab. ASDE-X SSR

  10. NTSB Incident OPS07IA004A • On May 26, 2007, at 1336 Pacific daylight time, Republic Airlines flight 4912 (RPA4912), an Embraer 170 regional jet, and Skywest Airlines flight 5741 (SKW5741), an Embraer Brasilia turboprop, nearly collided in the intersection of runway 1L and runway 28R at San Francisco International Airport, San Francisco, California.

  11. NTSB Incident OPS07IA004A • At 1332:29 SKW5741 Checks in with the tower and was issued a landing clearance for Rwy 28R • At 1335:13 SKW5741 crossed the landing threshold of Rwy 28R • At 1335:12 RPA4912 was cleared for takeoff from Rwy 1L • At 1335:40 during a transmission to another aircraft, an Aural AMASS Warning is audible in the background • At 1335:44 the Local Controller instructs SKW5741 to “uh, Skywest HOLD HOLD HOLD”

  12. NTSB Incident OPS07IA004A • The controllers written statement stated that SKW5741 came to a stop at the intersection of Rwys 1L and 28R. • The initial FAA tower report estimated the aircraft missed colliding by 300 feet. However, the Skywest crew estimated the distance as 30 to 50 feet and the crew of RPA4912 estimated 150 feet. They characterized their estimate as a "guess," saying that they could not actually see the Brasilia as they passed over the top of the aircraft. • The AMASS system detected the conflict and alerted the controllers at 1335:40. A full 15 seconds before the two aircraft merged at the Rwy intersection at 1335:55

  13. ADS-B • Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast • Will combine enhanced traffic information (TIS-B), weather, and other airport information (FIS-B) into a single unit. • Updates more than once every second with position, altitude, speed, xponder code, and call sign information.

  14. Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS) • Enhances an airports low visibility capabilities with additional airport markings and lights • It’s required for airports for airports that have air carrier operations with less than 1200 RVR • Requires airports to have a low visibility taxi plan

  15. SMGCS Levels • SMGCS Operations start when the Visibility falls below 1200 RVR • There are different taxi charts for RVR’s of 1200-600 and 600 & below • Special crew authorizations are required for Operations below 1600 RVR Operations and are spelled out in Ops Spec C79

  16. SMGCS Marking and Lighting Features 4 Row of red, in-pavement lights that when illuminated designate a runway hold position. Elevated stop bar lights are additional features at those airports where surface conditions (snow) may cover the in-pavement lights. Stop Bar Lights ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Runway Guard Lights Elevated or in-pavement yellow flashing lights installed at runway holding positions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Taxiway Centerline Lights Green in-pavement lights to assist taxiing aircraft in darkness and in low visibility conditions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Clearance Bar Lights In-pavement yellow lights, when installed with geographic position marking “pink spot”, indicate the designated aircraft or vehicle hold point location on the airport surface. Geographic Position Marking

  17. Pilot Visual Aids for SMGCS Taxiway centerlines on SMGCS routes are 12” wide and highlighted in black.

  18. Pilot Visual Aids for SMGCS Elevated runway guard lights “Wig Wags” are located on both sides of the hold position markings for SMGCS runways. If the runway intersection is over 150 feet wide, runway guard lights are installed in-pavement in front of the hold position marking at 10 foot intervals. These flashing yellow lights are used to enhance the identification of runway hold positions during low visibility operations. Runway guard lights may also be used at “high alert” intersections at other airports.. Elevated Runway Guard Lights - “Wig Wags”

  19. Pilot Visual Aids for SMGCS Runway Guard Lights are installed at all hold positions for SMGCS runways.

  20. Additional SMGCS Pilot Visual Aids at Airports Approved to Operate BELOW 600 RVR Intermediate Hold Position Marking Taxiway Centerline Lights Clearance Bar Lights Geographic Position Markings (“pink spots”) are used at taxiway hold points for staging aircraft during SMGCS operations.

  21. Additional SMGCS Pilot Visual Aids at Airports Approved to Operate BELOW 600 RVR Taxiway Centerline Lights Clearance Bar Lights To support airline operations below 600 RVR, Clearance Bars are installed at hold points on taxiways. Taxiway centerline lights are installed on all SMGCS routes.

  22. Additional SMGCS Pilot Visual Aids at Airports Approved to Operate BELOW 600 RVR Stop Bar light fixtures are located across the taxiway pavement and are 9 feet 10 inches apart.

  23. Pilot Visual Aids for SMGCS-Below 600 RVR

  24. KBOS taxi routes RVR 600 to RVR 1200

  25. Taxi routes for less than 600 RVR

  26. Land and Hold Short Operations - LAHSO • Land and hold short operations are an air traffic control procedure intended to increase airport capacity without compromising safety. LAHSO is assigned by ATC and either accepter or declined by the crew. • Pilots may accept a LAHSO clearance provided crew determines that the LAHSO requirements for Tradewind Aviation are met and the Distance Available is greater than the computed Distance Required. Distance Available data is found in the AFD. Additional LAHSO data is published in the Special Notices section of the AFD. Controllers will also provide Distance Available data upon request. • Operations Specifications A027 gives Tradewind the authorization to conduct LAHSO subject to certain limitations. • GOM page 7-34 Land and Hold Short Operations summarizes Ops Spec A027. GOM page 7-34 and Ops Spec A027 should be referenced when determining if your allowed to conduct LAHSO for your particular arrival.

  27. GOM 7-34 LAHSO • Tradewind Aviation, LLC is authorized to conduct Land and Hold Short Operations at designated airports and specified runway configurations as identified by Air Traffic Services. Landing distance will be the FAA - approved Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) distance plus 1,000 feet for the configuration, environment, and the weight actually used for landing. • LAHSO on wet runways is prohibited • LAHSO is not authorized if windshear has been reported within the previous 20 minutes prior to the LAHSO clearance being issued • The tailwind on the hold short runway shall be calm (less than 3 kts) • LAHSO is not authorized to a runway that does not have visual or electronic vertical guidance • LAHSO weather minima requires a prevailing weather condition consisting of a ceiling of no less than 1,500 feet and a visibility of no less than 5 statute miles • LAHSO weather minima may be lowered to a ceiling of no less than 1,000 feet and a visibility of no less than 3 statute miles where a Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) or Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) is installed and operational

  28. LAHSO Information • LAHSO information about a particular airport can be found in the AFD. In this case, when landing runway 10 and holding short of runway 05-23 at the designated point, the distance available is 4600 feet.

  29. LAHSO Information • Information about in pavement lighting is given for KBOS in the Special Notices section of the AFD. Other types of information are often included in this section.

  30. Caution: You may be required to hold short of a taxiway, runway or some other point. Hold short of taxiway A Hold short of RWY 1/19 Hold short of RWY 15/33

  31. LAHSO markings and signs include the standard red with white letter hold short signs, standard yellow with black hold short lines and yellow in pavement lighting. LAHSO airports may have all or some of these markings or signs.

  32. LAHSO • If the crew is able to accept the LAHSO clearance, readback of the LAHSO clearance is required. • Maintain situational awareness on the approach to know where the other airplanes are in relation to you. This will be especially important in the event of a go around. • During a rejected landing the crew must maintain visual separation with other aircraft. • The flight crew can elect to decline a LAHSO clearance if they choose. If there is any doubt as to the ability to stop in the Distance Available or the satisfaction of Tradewind’s LAHSO requirements decline the LAHSO clearance.

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