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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE [INTELLIGENT AGENTS PARADIGM]

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE [INTELLIGENT AGENTS PARADIGM]. PLANNING AGENTS. Professor Janis Grundspenkis Riga Technical University Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Institute of Applied Computer Systems Department of Systems Theory and Design

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE [INTELLIGENT AGENTS PARADIGM]

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  1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE[INTELLIGENT AGENTS PARADIGM] PLANNING AGENTS Professor Janis Grundspenkis Riga Technical University Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Institute of Applied Computer Systems Department of Systems Theory and Design E-mail: Janis.Grundspenkis@rtu.lv

  2. Simple Planning Agents (1) • PLANNING AGENT generates goals to achieve, constructs plan that achieves its goal, executes this plan until it is finished, and then begins again with a new goal

  3. Simple Planning Agents (2) • What is the difference between problem-solving agent and planning agent? • Differences are in representations of • goals • states • actions • Differences are in the representation and construction of action sequences (search for solutions)

  4. Simple Planning Agent’s Program > Percept TELL(KB, MAKE PERCEPT SENTENCE (percept)) CURRENT STATE DESCRIPTION (KB) > Goal generation ASK (KB, MAKE GOAL QUERY)  GOAL > Plan construction CALL PLANNING ALGORITHM (CURRENT STATE DESCRIPTION, GOAL, KB)  PLAN > Action First action from the PLAN TELL (KB, MAKE ACTION SENTENCE (action)) Return: action

  5. Basic Elements of a Search-Based Problem-Solver (1) • Representation of actions • Actions are described by programs that generate successor state descriptions • Representation of states • States are simple data structures. • All state descriptions are complete. (A complete description of initial state is given. Actions are represented by a program that generates complete state descriptions)

  6. Basic Elements of a Search-Based Problem-Solver (2) • Representation of goals • Agent has information in the form of goal test and the heuristic function • Representation of solutions (plans) • A solution is sequence of actions beginning from the initial state, and ending at a goal state

  7. Basic Elementsof Planning Agent • Planning algorithms use descriptions in some formal language, usually first-order logic • Representation of actions • Logical descriptions of preconditions and effects • Representation of states • Set of sentences of first-order logic • Representation of goals • Set of sentences of first-order logic • Representation of plans • Direct connections between states and actions

  8. Three Key Ideas Behind Planning • “Open up” the representation of states, goals and actions • The planner is free to add actions to the plan wherever they are needed (instead of growing sequence of actions starting at the initial state) • Most parts of the world are independent from the other parts Divide-and-conquer strategy is used, because it is easier to solve several small sub-problems rather than one big problem

  9. Representations for Planning • Representations for states and goals • Representations for actions • Situation Space • Plan Space • Representations for Plans • Solutions

  10. Representationsfor States and Goals (1) • STRIPS language is used in most planners • In STRIPS language states are represented by conjunctions of predicates (possibly negated) with constants as their terms Example:At(Shop)  Have(Money)  Have(Computer)

  11. Representationsfor States and Goals (2) • In STRIPS language goals or represented by conjunctions of predicates with constants and variables used as their terms Examples:At(home)  Have(Computer)At(x)  Sells(x, Computer) > Variables are assumed to be existentially quantified • Representations of initial states and goals are used as inputs of planning systems

  12. Representationsfor Actions (1) • STRIPS operators consist from three components: • The action description • Within the planner it is only the name of a possible action • Agent returns it to the environment in order to do something

  13. Representationsfor Actions (2) • The precondition • It is a conjunction of predicates (not negated) that must be true before the operator can be applied • The effect of an operator • It is a conjunction of predicates (possibly negated) that describes how the situation changes when the operator is applied

  14. STRIPS Operator (1) • Syntax:Operator (ACTION: action’s name, PRECONDITION: p(x)  q(y)  ... EFFECT: r(y)  w(x)  ...)where p and q denotes any predicates; p and w may be changed to r and/or w in EFFECT > An operator with variables is called operator schema > All variables are assumed universally quantified

  15. STRIPS Operator (2) • Graphical notation (example): PRECONDITION: At(home), Path(home, shop) ACTION:  Go(shop) EFFECT: At(shop), At(home)

  16. Situation Spacefor Planning (1) • Situation space is represented by a graph • Nodes represent possible situations in the world • Arcs represent transitions between situations. Transitions occur if operators are applied one at a time • A path through the situation space from the initial situation to the goal situation constitutes a plan

  17. Situation Spacefor Planning (2) • Situation space planner searches through the situation space • Progression planner searches forward from the initial situation to the goal situation • Regression planner searches backward from the goal situation to the initial situation

  18. Plan Space for Search (1) • Space of Plans • Search starts with partial plan (incomplete plan) • Partial plan is expanded until a complete plan that solves the problem • The final plan is the solution, and the path taken to reach it is irrelevant

  19. Plan Space for Search (2) • Operators on plans Operators are: adding a step, ordering steps, binding variables, etc. • Refinement operators add constraints to a partial plan • If partial plans are representations for complete, fully constrained plans, then refinement operators eliminate some plans from this set • Refinement operators never add new plans to this set • Modification operators are anything that is not a refinement operator

  20. Types of Plans (1) • Partially ordered plans Some steps are ordered (before or after) with respect to each other and other steps are unordered • Totally ordered plans Plans consist of a simple list of steps

  21. Types of Plans (2) • Linearization of a plan P is a totally ordered plan derived from P by adding ordering constraints • Fully instantiated plans Plans in which every variable is bound to a constant

  22. Formal Definition of a Plan (1) • A plan is a data structure consisting of four components: • A set of plan steps. Each step is one of the operators for the problem • A set of step ordering constraints.notation: SiSj(step Si must occur sometimesbeforeSj)

  23. Formal Definition of a Plan (2) • A set of variable binding constraintsVariable may be substituted by another variable or a constant • A set of causal linksNotation: Si Sj(the purpose of Si for Sj)

  24. Representations of Plans (1) • The initial plan • Describes the unsolved problem • Consists from two steps START and FINISH • Ordering constraint START  FINISH • The START step has no preconditions. • The START step’s effect is to add all the propositions that are true in the initial state

  25. Representations of Plans (2) • The START step has null actions associated with it • The FINISH step has the goal state as its precondition • The FINISH step has no effects • The FINISH step has null actions associated with it • The planner starts with the initial plan and manipulate it until a plan that is a solution is constructed

  26. Solution (1)(a Complete, Consistent Plan) • A complete plan • A plan in which every precondition of every step is achieved by some other step • A step achieves a condition if the condition is one of the effects of the step, and if no other step can possibly cancel out the condition

  27. Solution (2)(a Complete, Consistent Plan) • A consistent plan • A plan in which there are no contradiction in the ordering or binding constraints • A contradiction occurs when both Si Sj and Sj Si hold, or both v = A and v = B hold (v is variable, and A, B are constants). Both  and = are transitive

  28. Solution (3)(a Complete, Consistent Plan) • A solution is a plan that an agent can execute • A solution guarantees achievement of the goal

  29. Start At(Home), Sells(Record shop, CD), Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Have(CD), Have(Bread), At(home) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (1) • A partial-order regression planner searches through plan space • The planner starts with an initial plan representing the start and finish steps

  30. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (2) • The planner adds one more step on each iteration • To keep the search focused, the planner only considers adding steps that allow to achieve a precondition that has not yet been achieved (causal links keep track on it) • If the search leads to an inconsistent plan, it backtracks and searches another branch

  31. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (3) • Definition of the initial state • Operator (ACTION: Start,EFFECT: At(Home),Sells(Record shop, CD),Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) • Definition of the final state • Operator (ACTION: Finish,PRECONDITION: Have(CD),Have(Bread), At(Home))

  32. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (4) • Definition of the actions • Operator (ACTION: Go(shop),PRECONDITION: At(Home),EFFECT:(At(shop)  At(Home)) • Operator (ACTION: Buy(x),PRECONDITION: At(shop) Sells(shop, x), EFFECT: Have(x))

  33. Ordering constraints Start At(shop), Sells(shop, CD) At(shop), Sells(shop, Bread) Buy(CD) Buy(Bread) Causal links Ordering constraint Have(CD) Have(Bread) At(Home) Finish Ordering constraint A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (5) • The first step: a partial plan that achieves two preconditions of Finish state

  34. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (6) • Remark: Just to simplify the graphical representation, in the following Figures ordering constraints are supposed to be depicted underneath of the causal links

  35. Start At(Record shop), Sells(Record shop, CD) At(Baker’s shop), Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Buy(CD) Buy(Bread) Have(CD) Have(Bread) At(Home) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (7) • The second step: a partial plan that achieves two preconditions of Finish state

  36. Start At(x) At(x) Go(Record shop) Go(Baker’s shop) At(Record shop), Sells(Record shop, CD) At(Baker’s shop), Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Buy(CD) Buy(Bread) Have(CD) Have(Bread) At(Home) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (8) • The third step: extension of the plan by choosing two Go actions

  37. Start At(Home) At(Home) Go(Record shop) Go(Baker’s shop) At(Record shop), Sells(Record shop, CD) At(Baker’s shop), Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Buy(CD) Buy(Bread) Have(CD) Have(Bread) At(Home) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (9) • The fourth step: a dead end

  38. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (10) • Remark: The step Go(Record shop) adds the condition At(Record shop), but it also deletes the condition At(Home), that is, now agent can not go from home to the baker’s shop (whichever Go step comes first will delete the At(Home) precondition on the other step)

  39. Start At(Home) At(Record Shop) Go(Record shop) Go(Baker’s shop) At(Record shop), Sells(Record shop, CD) At(Baker’s shop), Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Buy(CD) Buy(Bread) Have(CD) Have(Bread) At(Home) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (11) • The fifth step: back up to try a different choice at some earlier point in the planning process

  40. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (12) • Remark: Go(Baker’s shop) step threatens the At(Record shop) precondition of the Buy(CD) step. Constraining Go(Baker’s shop) step to come after Buy(CD) step will not allow the agent to go from the record shop to the baker’s shop without first buying the CD

  41. Start At(Home) At(Record Shop) Go(Record shop) Go(Baker’s shop) At(Record shop), Sells(Record shop, CD) At(Baker’s shop), Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Buy(CD) Buy(Bread) At(Baker’s shop) Go(Home) Have(CD) Have(Bread) At(Home) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (13) • The sixth step: adding a Go(Home) step

  42. A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (14) • Remark: Notice that Go(Home) step is ordered to be after Buy(Bread) step

  43. Start At(Home) Go(Record shop) At(Record shop), Sells(Record shop, CD) Buy(CD) At(Record shop) Go(Baker’s shop) At(Baker’s shop, Sells(Baker’s shop, Bread) Buy(Bread) At(Baker’s shop) Go(Home) Have(CD), At(Home), Have(Bread) Finish A Partial-Ordered Planning Example (15) • A complete solution plan (totally ordered)

  44. A Partial-Ordered Planning (1) • Backtrack for trying another choice when dead end is reached • Causal links in a partial plan are protected links Definition: A causal link is protected by ensuring that threats, that is, steps that might delete the protected condition, are ordered to come before or after the protected link

  45. Step 1 Step 3 PRECONDITION PRECONDITION Step 2 A Partial-Ordered Planning (2) • Example A causal link Step1Step2 is threatened by Step 3 because one effect ofStep 3is to delete condition

  46. > Demotion > Promotion Step 3 Step 1 precondition precondition Step 1 Step 2 precondition Step 3 Step 2 precondition A Partial-Ordered Planning (3) • Threat resolving by addition of ordering constraints

  47. A Partial-Order Planning Algorithm (1) • POP algorithm • Starts with minimal partial plan (starts with goals that must be achieved) • Extends the plan by achieving a precondition of a needed step (find operators) (Some operator that achieves the precondition is chosen either from the existing steps of the plan or from the set of operators)

  48. A Partial-Order Planning Algorithm (2) • Records the causal link for the newly achieved precondition • If the new step threatens an existing causal link or an existing step threatens the new causal link the threat resolving is applied • If at any point the algorithm fails to find a relevant operator or resolve a threat, it backtracks to a previous choice point • If all the preconditions of all the steps are achieved, it is a solution

  49. A Partial-Order Planning Algorithm (3) • POP is a regression planner. It is sound and complete

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