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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Molecules of Life. Organic compounds. Always contain carbon Always have covalent bonds (not ionic) Usually associated with large numbers of atoms Commonly associated with living things. carbon. Can covalently bond with as many as 4 other atoms Can form many shapes.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Molecules of Life

  2. Organic compounds • Always contain carbon • Always have covalent bonds (not ionic) • Usually associated with large numbers of atoms • Commonly associated with living things

  3. carbon • Can covalently bond with as many as 4 other atoms • Can form many shapes

  4. Carbon compounds

  5. Carbon Compounds • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  6. Building compounds • Monomer—individual building unit • Polymer—many units covalently bonded

  7. Building compounds • Functional groups—atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to organic compounds that affect the compound’s structure and fuction

  8. Reaction categories • Mediated by enzymes (special proteins) • Fuctional-group transfer • Electron transfer • Rearrangement • Condensation • Cleavage

  9. condensation • Split OH- from one molecule • Split H+ from another molecule • Bonds form at exposed sites • Water is byproduct

  10. hydrolysis • Reverse of condensation • Split molecules • Add OH- and H+ from water

  11. carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Single sugar unit • Soluble in water • Sweet taste • Hydroxyl group (OH-) • Used to assemble larger carbohydrates

  12. carbohydrates • Oligosaccharide • Short chain of two or more sugar monomers • Disaccharide—2 units, simplest

  13. carbohydrates • Polysaccharide—chain of hundreds or thousands of monomers • “Complex” carbohydrates • Starch—plant energy source • Cellulose—plant cell wall • Glycogen—animal muscle energy • Chitin—structural component of insects

  14. lipids • Greasy or oily compounds • Non-polar, hydrophobic • Energy storage, membrane structure, coatings

  15. Lipids • Fatty acids—long chain of mostly C and H with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end • Saturated—single Carbon bonds • Unsaturated—double Carbon bonds

  16. Lipids • Fat—one or more fatty acids attached to glycerol • Twice the energy of carbohydrates • Insulation

  17. Lipids • Phospolipid • 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group + Glycerol • Main structural material of membranes

  18. lipids • Sterols • 4 carbon rings, no fatty acid tails • Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

  19. lipids • Waxes • Long-chain fatty acids + alcohols or carbon rings • Coatings for plant parts or animal coverings

  20. Proteins • Most diverse of all biological molecules • Enzymes • Cell movement • Storage & transport • Hormones • Antibodies • Structure

  21. proteins • Amino acid—monomer unit • Three groups covalently bonded to central C

  22. proteins • Polypeptides—polymer of proteins

  23. Proteins • Structure • Primary • Secondary • Tertiary • Quaternary

  24. Proteins • Why is structure important? • Change in shape is VERY important to function

  25. Nucleic acids • Nucleotide—monomer unit • 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) • Nitrogen base • Phosphate group

  26. Nucleic acid • DNA—double-stranded helix, carries hereditary information • RNA—single-stranded helix, translates code to build proteins • ATP—single nucleotide, releases energy for cells to work

  27. DNA & RNA • Large number of hydrogen bonds • Nitrogen bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (Urasil)

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