China and Japan in the 1600s: Decline, Imperialism, and Rebellions

1. Warm Up- give your best answer on a blank sheet. • China and Japan both passed laws in the 1600s isolating their citizens from the west? What might have been some of the reasons behind that?

2. Asian Resistance CHINA & JAPAN

3. Decline in China • Qing Dynasty in power since 1600s. • Very powerful until 1800s, then drastically declined • Reasons: • External pressures from the outside • Resistance to modernization • Corruption/official incompetence • Peasant uprisings • Food shortages

4. Britain’s Imperialistic Attempts in China • Europeans restricted to one port (Canton); restrictions on when as well • Wanted to be free from restrictions • Unfavorable trade balance • Britain imported more goods FROM China than they exported TO China • Tried to balance silk and tea with cotton, but • Forced to pay with silver – which was unprofitable

5. The Opium War • Britain sought a new product to trade in China to even the balance: opium • Grown in India; powerful sedative/pain killer • Opium addiction becomes a serious social issue by 1800s • China declares opium illegal and blockades British ships to search and seize opium • British respond hostilely; Opium War, 1839-1842 – China defeated • Treaty of Nanjing • Five ports opened to British • Limit import taxes on British goods • China had to pay for costs of war • British given Hong Kong (Sphere) • Extraterritoriality- British not subjected to Chinese law.

6. Warm up • Many historians feel that the Opium War was the end of China…why do you think this is so?

7. The Tai Ping Rebellion • Peasant revolt, 1850-1864, in response to Chinese government failures • Hong Xiaquan • Mission from God to destroy the Qing Dynasty • The Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Peace, or Tai ping tianguo (organization) • Called for social reform • Land to all peasants • Equalizing status of men and women • Communal living • Banned foot binding, alcohol, tobacco • Foreshadow to Mao Zedong’s Communist movement • European intervention ended 20 year civil war • Treaty of Tianjin further opened China to British dominance

8. Qing Attempts to Modernize • “Self-Strengthening” • Western ideas would be adopted but traditional Confucian values would be kept (anti-materialism, acceptance of social order) • Modern military • Infrastructure rapidly built • Reforms of GuangXu - “The One Hundred Days” • Bureaucracy (Gov’t) • European style education • Banks • Free press- no censorship

9. Imperialism Continues • More ports opening to British, large European sections in major cities • Russia seizes northern border lands • Imperialistic nations began negotiating with local nobles and warlords directly, completely undermining government • War with Japan – loses Korea and Taiwan, 1894 (picture of Triumphal Arch) • Germany demanded territory in Shandong after two missionaries were shot.

11. The “Open Door” • Britain and US nervous about growing European spheres of influence • John Hay (US Sec. of State) negotiates in 1899 to ensure equal trade access • Showed some concern for survival of China • Increased American economic interests there • Reduced imperialistic hysteria over controlling China (Less of a Scramble)

12. Warm Up • How did Europeans contribute to the crisis in China?

13. Newsletter Map Instructions • For the Map portions, the first map is on page 687 Titled Spheres of Influence in Asia. • Tell me who controlled the following territories • Taiwan • Tibet • Hong Kong • Kowloon Peninsula • Then Answer the geography skills questions on the map in that section • For Map # 2 (Japan Section) use the map on page 702 called “Japanese Expansion” to answer the geography skills questions only!

14. The Boxer Rebellion • The Society of Harmonious Fists, or “Boxers” • Upset by foreign intervention • Opposed to Christianity • 1900 – Roamed China, attacking foreigners; seized Beijing • Coalition of British, French, German, Russian, American and Japanese troops attacked the Boxers, restored Chinese government. • China in debt to nations that helped

15. Last Attempts at Stability • Empress Ci Xi • Reformed education, administration, and legal system • 1909 – legislative assemblies on local level (people governed themselves locally) • National Assembly in 1910 – couldn’t pass law (just advise) • Emerging middle class • Peasants and poor – getting worse

16. Sun Yat-Sen • The Revival of China’s Society • Follow pattern of West; but China not ready for democracy • Reform process • Military take over • Transitional phase with Sun Yat-Sen in power, Not Empress Ci Xi. • Constitutional democracy • Creates Revolutionary Alliance • Three Principles (nationalism, democracy, and right to pursue their own livelihoods)

17. Uprising in Beijing – government to weak to react Pu Yi, the last Chinese emperor, allowed to remain in Forbidden City China declared a republic Very weak presidency held in power by military Rebellions persisted despite fall of Qing Dynasty The Revolution of 1911

18. Economic and Cultural Transitions • Increased capitalist activity • Commodities marker • New crops – increased food • Export market not based on luxuries • Local industry destroyed • Foreign investment • Modern transportation and communication • Western books, art, music, etc. Challenging traditional Confucianism.

19. Warm-up • How did the Chinese closed door policy end up affecting China as a powerful player in the world? Negatively or positively? Explain?

20. JAPAN: GSI Review • Large Chinese cultural influence • Feudal Society – Warlords (Daimyo), Knights (Samurai), peasants • Very weak emperor – figure heard • Power was in the Shogunate – powerful daimyo who ruled in place of Emperor • Limited trade access with Europeans • Bad experiences with Portuguese • Japanese forbidden to leave islands

21. End of the Isolation in Japan • Tokugawa Shogunatehad driven out foreign traders and regulated trade for 200 years • Mathew Perry • Delivered letter from Millard Fillmore asking for friendly relations & trade • Returned for answer • Treaty of Kanagawa • Return of shipwrecked Americans • Opening of two ports • Establishment of U.S. Consulate

22. What do the Japanese See? Japanese Representation of a Steamship

23. Commodore Perry’s First Visit

24. Realism Styled painting showing influence western cultures had on Japanese

25. Audience With Emperor of Japan- Does Not Bow

26. Civil War • Relations with the West was highly unpopular. • The Sat-Cho Alliance • Satsuma and Chosu, samurai warriors • 1868 Shogunate overthrown, office of the Emperor reinstated • Rise of Mutsuhito • Reign of “The Meiji”, or “Enlightened” • Recognized Japan’s need to change in order to survive.

27. The Mejii Restoration and The Samurai • Abolished feudalism • Centralization of power • Sent samurai officials abroad to study government and economic systems of Western nations • Take the best ideas back to Japan • Abolishment of samurai • Revolt in 1877, put down • Samurai funnel in to government and business

28. Westernization of Japan • Political • Constitution, 1889 • Office of emperor remained, but Power in hands of nobles and capitalists • Expanded bureaucracy – advisors very powerful • Economic BOOM • Zaibatsu – large multi-company corporations • State regulated economy • Used foreign advisor, did not let invest • Government funded banks • State owned railroads • State – run steamer ferries – connected islands • Prohibited mechanization of silk industry – kept prices high

29. Militarization & Nationalism • Massive reforms and re-outfitting of army and navy, increased industrial output • Imperialism – Europe is doing it, so why not Japan? • Sino-Japanese War • Northern China occupied • EstMachukuo Puppet Gov’t • Russo-Japanese War • Southeast Asia • Pacific Islands • High nationalistic pride - “New Asian Order” –Japanese Rise Above Chinese in the East for the 1st time in Asian History.

30. Westernized Japan gains Superior Technology

31. Imperial Japan, 1879-1945