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Chapter Menu. Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Forces That Shape Earth Lesson 2 Landforms at Plate Boundaries Lesson 3 Mountain Building Lesson 4 Continent Building Chapter Wrap-Up. Chapter Introduction. How is Earth’s surface shaped by plate motion?. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC.

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  1. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Forces That Shape Earth Lesson 2 Landforms at Plate Boundaries Lesson 3Mountain Building Lesson 4 Continent Building Chapter Wrap-Up

  2. Chapter Introduction How is Earth’s surface shaped by plate motion?

  3. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC Forces That Shape Earth • How do continents move? • What forces can change rocks? • How does plate motion affect the rock cycle?

  4. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab Forces That Shape Earth • isostasy • subsidence • uplift • compression • tension • shear • strain

  5. Plate Motion Lesson 1-1 • Mountain ranges are produced by plate tectonics. • The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s surface is broken into rigid plates that move horizontally on Earth’s more fluid upper mantle. • Mountains and valleys form where plates move away from each other or slide past each other.

  6. Vertical Motion VOCABULARY Lesson 1-2 Isostasy is the equilibrium between continental crust and the denser mantle below it. isostasy from Greek iso, means “equal”; and Greek stasy, means “standing”

  7. Vertical MotionNOTES ISOSTASY A continent floats on top of the mantle because mass of the continent = mass of the mantle it displaces

  8. Vertical Motion NOTES(cont.) Crust sinks and rise as its mass changes, to keep equilibrium • If continental crust becomes thicker Continent sinks deeper into the mantle • If continental crust becomes lighter Continent rises higher into the mantle

  9. Vertical MotionVOCABULARY Lesson 1-2 • The downward vertical motion of Earth’s surface is called subsidence. • The upward vertical motion of Earth’s surface is called uplift.

  10. Vertical Motion(cont.) Lesson 1-2 • Much of North America was covered by glaciers more than 1 km thick 20,000 years ago. • The weight of the ice pushed the crust downward into the mantle. • When the ice melted and the water ran off, the isostatic balance was upset. In response, the crust moved upward.

  11. Vertical Motion(cont.) Lesson 1-2 What can cause Earth’s surface to move up or down?

  12. Horizontal Motion NOTES Lesson 1-3 At plate boundaries Horizontal motion applies much greater forces to rocks than Vertical motion • Forces at plate boundaries are strong enough to break rocks or change the shape of rocks.

  13. Horizontal MotionVOCABULARY Lesson 1-3 • Stress is the force acting on a surface. • Squeezing stress is compression. • Stress that pulls something apart is tension. • Parallel forces acting in opposite directions are shear.

  14. Lesson 1-3 Compression, tension, and shear can all cause rocks to change shape.

  15. Horizontal Motion NOTES • Stress is the force acting on a surface. • compression • tension • shear Compression, tension, and shear can all cause rocks to change shape.

  16. STRESS Demonstration

  17. What type of STRESS Activity

  18. Horizontal MotionVOCABULARY • A change in the shape of rock caused by stress is called strain. • Elastic strain • does not permanently change, or deform, rocks • occurs when stresses are small or rocks are very strong. • Plastic strain • creates a permanent change in shape. • Happens when rocks are weak or hot

  19. Horizontal Motion NOTES • Strain • Elastic strain • does not permanently change, or deform, rocks • occurs when stresses are small or rocks are very strong. • Plastic strain • creates a permanent change in shape. • Happens when rocks are weak or hot

  20. Horizontal Motion(cont.) plastic Science Use capable of being molded Common Use a commonly used synthetic material

  21. Horizontal Motion NOTES(cont.) Lesson 1-3 • Compression thickens and folds layers of rock. • Tension stretches and thins layers of rock.

  22. Horizontal Motion NOTES Lesson 1-3 • Failure- When strain breaks rocks rather than just changing their shape • When rocks fail fractures—or faults—form.

  23. STRAIN Demonstration

  24. Horizontal Motion LAB What will happen? If enough force is put on a rock, it will begin to strain, or change shape. Depending on the nature of the force and the rock, sometimes the rock will bend and sometimes it will break. 3. Shape the putty into an oval shape. Put the putty in an ice water bath for 2 min. Pull it apart. Record your observations. 4.Try to break your putty by pulling on it and by pushing on it. Record your observations below. Procedure 1. Knead a piece of putty, and pull itapart slowly. Shape the putty into anoval ball. Try to pull it apart quickly.Record your observations in the Dataand Observations section below. • 2.Shape your putty into an oval. Putyour putty in a warm water bath for2 min. Pull it apart. Record yourobservations.

  25. Horizontal Motion(cont.) Lesson 1-3 What causes rocks to thicken or fold?

  26. Plate Tectonics and the Rock CycleNOTES Lesson 1-4 • The theory of plate tectonics combined with uplift and subsidence explain why there is a rock cycle on Earth. • The forces that cause plate tectonics produce horizontal motion. • Isostasy results in vertical motion within continents.

  27. Lesson 1-4 Horizontal tectonic motion and vertical motion by uplift and subsidence help move rocks through the rock cycle.

  28. Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle (cont.) Lesson 1-4 How does plate motion affect the rock cycle?

  29. Lesson 1 - VS • As a mountain is eroded away, the continent will rise until isostatic balance is restored. • Different types of stress change rocks in different ways.

  30. Lesson 1 - VS • Horizontal and vertical motions are part of what keep rocks moving through the rock cycle.

  31. Lesson 1 – LR1 What term refers to the equilibrium between continental crust and the denser mantle below it? A. uplift B. subsidence C. isostasy D. compression

  32. Lesson 1 – LR2 Which term refers to a change in the shape of rock caused by stress? A. tension B. strain C. compression D. shear

  33. Lesson 1 – LR3 What is the downward vertical motion of Earth’s surface called? A. subsidence B. uplift C. isostasy D. none of the above

  34. Lesson 1 - Now Do you agree or disagree? 1. Forces created by plate motion are small and do not deform or break rocks. 2. Plate motion causes only horizontal motion of continents.

  35. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC Landforms at Plate Boundaries • What features form where two plates converge? • What features form where two plates diverge? • What features form where two plates slide past each other?

  36. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab Landforms at Plate Boundaries • ocean trench • volcanic arc • transform fault • fault zone

  37. Landforms Created by Compression NOTES Lesson 2-1 • Massive, slow-moving tectonic plates have so much force they can build tall mountains, form deep valleys, and rip Earth’s surface apart. • Compression, tension, and shear stresses each produce a different type of landform.

  38. Landforms Created by Compression NOTES Lesson 2-2 • The largest landforms on Earth are produced by compression at convergent plate boundaries. • A collision between two continental plates can produce tall mountains that form slowly and in stages over millions of years.

  39. The plates beneath India and Asia started colliding almost 50 million years ago. Because the plates are still colliding, the Himalayas grow a few millimeters each year due to compression.

  40. Landforms Created by Compression Vocabulary (cont.) Lesson 2-2 • When two plates collide, one can go under the other and be forced into the mantle in a process called subduction. • Ocean trenches are deep, underwater troughs created by one plate subducting under another plate at a convergent plate boundary.

  41. Landforms Created by Compression (cont.) Lesson 2-2 What two landforms can form where two plates converge?

  42. Landforms Created by Compression NOTES (cont.) Lesson 2-2 • Volcanic mountains can form in the ocean where plates converge and one plate subducts under another one. • The curved line of volcanic islands that forms parallel to a plate boundary is called a volcanic arc.

  43. Lesson 2-3 Volcanic arcs can also form on continents.

  44. Landforms Created by Tension NOTES Lesson 2-3 A long, tall mountain range that forms where oceanic plates diverge is called a mid-ocean ridge.

  45. Landforms Created by TensionNOTES(cont.) Lesson 2-3 When divergent boundaries occur within a continent, they can form continental rifts, or enormous splits in Earth’s crust.

  46. Landforms Created by Tension(cont.) Lesson 2-3 What features form at divergent boundaries?

  47. Landforms Created by Shear Stresses VOCABULARY Lesson 2-4 Transform faults form where tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other. transform from Latin trans, means “across,” and formare, means “to form”

  48. Landforms Created by Shear Stresses (cont.) Lesson 2-4 The yellow line on the map shows the mid-ocean ridge. The red lines are transform faults.

  49. Landforms Created by Shear Stresses (cont.) Lesson 2-4 What features form where plates slide past each other?

  50. Landforms Created by Shear Stresses VOCABULARY Lesson 2-4 An area of many fractured pieces of crust along a large fault is called a fault zone.

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