New France and France vs Britain

1. New France and France vs Britain Chapter 6

2. New France 1608-1763 • France: no colonization before the 1600’s • Lots of internal problems (religious civil war) until 1600 • 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec • First settlement in New France • 1682 Robert de La Salle explored the Mississippi—Louisiana • 1718 New Orleans founded • 2 parts, Canada and Louisiana • Canada: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg (all of modern-day Canada plus the Great Lakes region of the US) • Louisiana: New Orleans (all of modern-day central and a lot of the western US)

3. Life in New France • Canada: trade with Indians (Beaver) • Louisiana: trade with Indians and grow wheat for the French Caribbean • Friendly relations with Native Americans • Jesuits—tried to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism (didn’t force them to) • Indians incorporated into French society (somewhat) generally not as exploited as in Spanish possessions • Sparsely populated: only 60,000 French settlersin mid 1700’s • Autocratic: no representative government, no trial by jury, no religious toleration

4. France vs. Britain 1689-1763 • 4 colonial wars fought during this time • All pitted France (and Indian allies [Huron]) and sometimes the Spanish vs the British (and Indian allies [Iroquois]) • King William’s War 1689-1697 • Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 • King George’s War 1744-1748 • French and Indian War 1754-1763

5. King William’s and Queen Anne’s Wars • Colonists and Indians vs colonists and Indians • Very little/no involvement from Europe • Sideshow of larger European conflicts • British gained possession of the Hudson Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland from the French • Treaty of Utrecht 1713

6. King George’s War 1744-1748 • First conflict to have significant European involvement in North America (money, soldiers) • Colonists captured the French fortress-city of Louisbourg, but it was returned to France following the peace treaty (exchanged for British losses in India) • Effects on the colonists??? • Effects on sense of American identity???

7. French and Indian War 1754-1763 • First time a war started in North America and spread to Europe • Involved large amounts of European resources (money, soldiers) • Fought over control of the Ohio River Valley (modern pay western PA, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan) • Began when George Washington encountered French soldiers near Fort Duquesne (modern-day Pittsburgh) • British and Iroquois vs French (and Spanish) and Huron

8. Significant Aspects of French and Indian War • Albany Conference and the Albany Plan: 1754 • 7 of the 13 colonies met in Albany to convince the Iroquois to join the war • Agreed to one commander of colonial forces (British General) • Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan (Albany Plan) to unite the colonies together under British rule (early version of the United States but still British)—never adopted • First step of the colonies working together • Braddock’s Defeat: 1755 • Damaged the reputation of the British military in the colonies • Gave rise to the belief that colonies could survive/win without the Britsh

9. Franklin’s Political Cartoon: 1754

10. The French and Indian War • Went badly for the British/Americans at first • Braddock’s Defeat 1755 • French/Indian attacks on the frontier settlements 1755-1757 • British/Americans defeated in upstate New York • 1757 New British Prime Minister (William Pitt) new strategy • Pay the Americans to fight (cheaper than sending all the soldiers over from Britain) • Don’t attack the French everywhere, just attack them in Canada • British successful war ends in 1763: British/Americans Win

11. Peace of Paris: 1763 • Ended the war • Effects: • French gave all of Canada and Eastern half of Louisiana to the British • Spanish gave Florida to the British • To repay the Spanish for the loss of Florida the French gave the western half of Louisiana to the Spanish • No more French in North America

13. Significance of French and Indian War: Aftermath • Wars cost money, Britain had a large amount of debt • How do governments pay off their debts? • Indians no longer could play the French and British against each other—didn’t like this situation • Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763 • Indian rebellion defeated by British but • British stationed soldiers to protect against further Indian attacks—cost money • British prohibited European settlement west of the Appalachian mountains—Proclamation of 1763