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Port & Terminal Management Presentation By Lulama Zono - 21619072

USING DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN DURBAN PORT TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY EMISSIONS FROM VESSELS. Port & Terminal Management Presentation By Lulama Zono - 21619072. Introduction.

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Port & Terminal Management Presentation By Lulama Zono - 21619072

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  1. USING DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN DURBAN PORT TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY EMISSIONS FROM VESSELS Port & Terminal Management Presentation • By LulamaZono - 21619072

  2. Introduction • One of the persistent challenges that face our world is global warming. The incremental concentration of Green House Gases in the atmosphere has led to the rise in global temperatures. Concentration of GHG is attributable to human behavior. • Shipping as the vehicle of global trade contributes to the emission of GHG through the use of highly polluting fuels. • Durban port can promote and encourage the use of cleaner fuels by discounting port dues for ships that use cleaner fuel sources. • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles can be instrumental in monitoring and testing emissions from vessel calling to Durban port.

  3. Global Warming Threat • “Scientific evidence obtained through ice-core drilling indicates that the world’s temperature is gradually increasing.” Gore (2006) • “Scientists attribute an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, water vapour, nitrogen oxide and Sulphur dioxide and ozone) to the current global warming phenomenon.” Lisa et al. (2009) • According to some estimations the shipping industry is responsible for 3% of greenhouse gas emissions and has traditionally used cheap, polluting fuel.

  4. Types of Bunker Fuels • Marine Gas Oil (Bio-diesel) • Marine Diesel Oil • Intermediate Fuel Oil • Marine Fuel Oil • Heavy Fuel Oil • Ships commonly use Heavy Fuel Oil and Marine Fuel Oil

  5. Fuel Used By Ships & Pollution • Bunker fuel is a genetic term given to any fuel used to power its engines. • Most ships are powered by heavy fuel oil and marine fuel oil, which is the most polluting form of fuel in the global pollution. • According Transnet National Ports Authority statistics there were 9 821 that ships visited South Africa’s & 3 323 into Durban port in 2017. • IMO states that 85% ships are considered responsible for CO2, SO2 and NO2. • Approximately 2 700 ships are certified energy efficient • Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution, with 18-30% of all nitrogen oxide and 9% of sulphur oxide pollution.

  6. Dangers of SO2 & NO2 • Sulphur oxide in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings. • Ample scientific research shows that pro-longed exposure to Sulphur oxide and Nitrogen oxide can lead to respiratory complications and diseases. • The link between cardiovascular diseases — heart attacks, strokes, lung cancer — and exposure to pollutants has been well documented. • 30% of South Africa’s population lives on the coast subject pollution from ships in ports and coastal waters. • Pollutants can travel hundreds of kilometers inland.

  7. International agreements and initiatives on mitigating climate change • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) • Kyoto Protocol (1997) • Bali Action Plan (2007) • Cancun Agreements (2010) • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2013) • The United Nations on Climate Change Conference in Durban (2011) • The Doha Climate Gateway (2012) • The United Nations on Climate Change Conference in Warsaw (2013) • Paris Agreement COP21 • MARPOL Convention

  8. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Dispatched from shore side monitor emissions from ships funnels. • Equipped with Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and Nitrogen Oxide sensors and air sample collectors. • Samples can be tested using shore side lab equipment alongside ship’s own fuel usage reports. • Alternatively, algorithms that are able to reliably calculate presence of GHG.

  9. Incentive Framework • International Maritime Organisation (IMO) through MARPOL convention will with effect from 1st January 2020 reduce emissions from 3.5% to 0.5% . • Rotterdam port discounts port dues from as little 6% up to 30% of port dues for compliant vessels of 20 000 tonnes of more taking into account berthing duration. • Durban Port should discount port dues for ships that use clean marine fuelsuch as bio-fuel, CNG, crude oil etc., OR • Have installed scrubbers to remove the Sulphur dioxide from the emissions. • Durban port can design their incentive program to be cost neutral by slightly raising harbour dues for non-qualifying ships to offset the costs of providing discounts to qualifying cleaner ships.

  10. Danish Model

  11. African ports using similar technology • Malawi – transport medical supplies between urban and rural areas • Morocco – monitor waterways for illegal activity • Rwanda – transport commercial deliveries and health supplies

  12. Global Ports using UAVs • European Union Ports – used for sea-rescue, surveillance, monitoring emissions • Poland – inspecting repair work • Denmark – monitors emissions from ships • Istanbul – monitors maritime pollution by taking photos and video footage • South Korea – monitors illegal anchoring • China - monitors emissions from ships • Abu Dhabi – monitors condition of container stacks in port

  13. Constraints Of Using UAVs • Heavy weather can impede operations • Ports with heavy ship traffic can be a challenge • Perceived intrusion of privacy by vessels • Regulations on UAV by government bodies e.g. must be within sight range, no multiple UAV flying • Failure whilst above the vessel or at sea

  14. Conclusion • Global warming is real and persistent threat to the sustainability of global trade. Durban port can assist South Africa meet its international commitments to reduce emissions by making it cheaper for vessels using cleaner fuels to call into the port. • UAV technology would be the most efficient and cost effective way to monitor emissions from ship traffic.This technology would give Durban port an added competitive edge by reducing port dues for compliant vessels.

  15. References • Boyd, P., 2014. Sustainable Shipping Making Waves. The Guardian. 23 March. Available:https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/aug/01/sustainable-shipping-is-making-waves. (Accessed 15/08/2018) • Denmark Inspects Ships With ‘Sniffer Drone’ Tech. 2017. Available: https://www.porttechnology.org/news/denmark_inspects_ships_with_sniffer_drone_tech (Accessed 15 August 2018) • Funke, N., Claassen, M., Nortje, K., Meissner, R. A Research, Innovation and Knowledge Management Roadmap for the South African Maritime Sector: Charting a Course to Maritime Excellence by 2030. Pretoria: Council for Scientific Research and Industrial Research. • Gore, A. 2006. An Inconvenient Truth: The planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it. New York, NY: Rodale Press

  16. References cont. • Lisa, C., Cid, G., Kruse, E. 2004. Assessing climate change impacts on coastal infrastructure in the Eastern Caribbean. Marine Policy, 28(5):393-409 • McGill, R., Remley, W., Winther, K. 2013. Alternative Fuels for Marine Applications. • Mokhele, T. 2013. Towards an Integrated Maritime Development Framework and Industrialisation Programme for South Africa. Keynote Presentation at the Intergrated Marine & Maritime . Technologies Workshops, 30 October. Farm Inn, Pretoria. • Peters, G. 2016. How drones are changing the maritime industry (blog). Available: https://www.ship-technology.com/features/featurehow-drones-are-changing-the-maritime-industry-4865807/ (Accessed 24 August 2018) • Port of Rotterdam. 2018. Green Award Discount. Available: https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/shipping/sea-shipping/port-dues/discounts-on-port-dues/green-award-discount (Accessed 16 August 2018)

  17. References cont. • Port Vision. 2017. Drones creating quite a buzz in Maritime industry (blog). Available: https://www.portvision.com/news-events/press-releases-news/drones-creating-quite-a-buzz-in-maritime-industry (Accessed 25 August 2018) • SU Ports. 2017. Marine & Shipping Sources of Pollution Ports Operation. • Taiwo, S. Africa is teaching the world how to use drones for commercial and delivery purposes. 2016 Business Insider. 24 August. Available: https://www.businessinsider.com/africa-is-teaching-the-world-how-to-use-drones-2017-8?IR=T(Accessed 16 August 2018) • Transnet National Port Authority. 2018. Ports Statistics. Available: https://www.transnetnationalportsauthority.net/Commercial%20and%20Marketing/Pages/Port-Statistics.aspx. (Accessed 24 August 2018)

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