Th e Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941) Lesson 5 Effects of the New Deal

1. The Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941) Lesson 5 Effects of the New Deal

2. The Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941) Lesson 5 Effects of the New Deal Learning Objectives • Identify the social and political contributions of Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, and other women involved in New Deal programs. • Explain how the New Deal expanded economic opportunities for racial and ethnic minorities. • Analyze how the New Deal changed the shape of American party politics and lessened ethnic and social divisions within American society. • Evaluate the effect of the New Deal on the historical role of the federal government and Franklin D. Roosevelt on the presidency.

3. The Great Depression and the New Deal (1928-1941) Lesson 5 Effects of the New Deal Key Terms • Black Cabinet • Mary McLeod Bethune • Indian New Deal • New Deal coalition • welfare state

4. Women Play Increasingly Significant Political Roles The New Deal provided desperately needed relief from the depression and enacted reforms that guarded against economic catastrophe. It did not end the depression. World War II, with its massive military spending, would do that. Yet, the New Deal mattered enormously because it brought fundamental changes to the nation. It changed the role of the federal government in the economy, the power of the presidency, and the relationship of the American people to their government.

5. Women Play Increasingly Significant Political Roles Eleanor Roosevelt visited an Ohio coal mine in one of her many trips around the country. Her outreach changed the role of First Lady, After Eleanor, First Ladies were often expected to be deeply involved in the nation’s affairs.

6. A Stronger Political Voice for African Americans When the depression hit, African American workers were often the first to lose their jobs. By 1934, the unemployment rate for African Americans was almost 50 percent, more than twice the national average. Eleanor Roosevelt and others urged the President to improve the situation of African Americans.

7. A Stronger Political Voice for African Americans The Roosevelt administration’s many African American appointees, known as the “Black Cabinet,” advised the president on issues affecting African Americans. Mary McLeod Bethune is front and center.

8. New Deal Legislation for Native Americans Attempting to improve the lives of Native Americans, the Roosevelt administration made major changes in long-standing policies. The 1887 Dawes Act had divided tribal lands into smaller plots. By the early 1930s, it was clear that the act had worsened the condition of the people it was designed to help. Of the original 138 million acres American Indians had owned in 1887, only 48 million remained in American Indian hands, and much of it was too arid to farm. John Collier, the New Deal’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs, warned that the Dawes Act was resulting in “total landlessness for the Indians.”

9. New Deal Legislation for Native Americans The New Deal benefited Native Americans as well as other minority groups. It provided funds for the Navajo to open a new hospital in Fort Defiance, Arizona in 1938.

10. A New Political Coalition Emerges By the time he died in 1945, Roosevelt had been elected to four terms as President. His legendary political skills had united an unlikely alliance of Americans into a strong political force called the New Deal coalition. This coalition brought together southern whites, northern blue-collar workers—especially those with immigrant roots—poor midwestern farmers, and African Americans.

11. A New Political Coalition Emerges Analyze Graphs How would you describe the changes in African American voting behavior from 1932 to 2012?

12. A New Political Coalition Emerges Analyze Graphs Describe the shift that is shown in this graphic. What led to this congressional power shift?

13. New Deal Legislation Expands the Historical Role of Government New Deal programs greatly increased the size and scope of the federal government. “For the first time for many Americans,” writes historian William Leuchtenburg, “the federal government became an institution that was directly experienced. More than the state and local governments, it came to be the government.” Moreover, the government began to do things it had never done before, from withdrawing taxes directly from workers’ paychecks to distributing benefits to the elderly.

14. New Deal Legislation Expands the Historical Role of Government • An Increasingly Significant Role Promoting Economic Growth • A Federal Safety Net for Those in Need • Conservation Efforts Produce Mixed Results • An Expansion of Executive Power

15. New Deal Legislation Expands the Historical Role of Government Analyze Charts The New Deal is considered by some to be a reform movement. Explain whether or not this view can be justified, using specific examples from the chart.

16. New Deal Legislation Expands the Historical Role of Government Men working on the Arkansas River flood control project funded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).

17. Quiz: Women Play Increasingly Significant Political Roles What did Eleanor Roosevelt’s newspaper column promote? A. laissez-faire economics B. traditional gender differences C. equal justice for all Americans D. resistance to Republican influences

18. Quiz: A Stronger Political Voice for African Americans Why did President Roosevelt refuse to support a federal antilynching law? A. He feared that radical conservatives would seek to impeach or assassinate him. B. He did not believe that the federal government should intervene in civil rights issues. C. He did not believe that lynching was a serious threat to people in the United States. D. He feared that southern Democrats would turn against him and prevent him from passing other reforms.

19. Quiz: New Deal Legislation for Native Americans What policy did the Bureau of Indian Affairs pursue in the 1930s? A. It restored tribal control over Native American land. B. It improved soil quality by reducing Native American livestock. C. It encouraged the practice of Native American customs and languages. D. It encouraged Native Americans to assimilate into mainstream culture.

20. Quiz: A New Political Coalition Emerges How did voting patterns change during the 1930s? A. Many conservative business owners began to vote Democratic in support on the New Deal. B. Many poor farmers began to vote Republican in opposition to Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. C. Many African Americans began to vote Democratic in support of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. D. Many northern blue-collar workers began to vote Republican in opposition to the New Deal.

21. Quiz: New Deal Legislation Expands the Historical Role of Government Why did Roosevelt’s presidency prompt the passage of the Twenty-second Amendment? A. His widespread support encouraged Congress to increase the power of the executive branch. B. His abuse of power during World War II led the government to limit the power of the executive branch. C. His effective leadership increased support for a law that permitted presidents to serve unlimited terms. D. His four election victories increased support for a restriction of the presidency to two consecutive terms.