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The Spitzer Space Telescope

The Spitzer Space Telescope. Chelsea Braun. Image: ( NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt, R, 2003). Overview. The Mission The Launch Telescope Instruments Projects and Research Interesting Images Interesting Facts. Image: ( NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt, R, 2003). The Mission.

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The Spitzer Space Telescope

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  1. The Spitzer Space Telescope Chelsea Braun Image: (NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt, R, 2003)

  2. Overview • The Mission • The Launch • Telescope • Instruments • Projects and Research • Interesting Images • Interesting Facts Image: (NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt, R, 2003)

  3. The Mission • It is the fourth and final telescope of NASA’s Great Observatories program • The Hubble Telescope (HST) • The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) • Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) • Spitzer Space Telescope • a family of four space-based observatories, each observing the Universe in a different kind of light (Mission Overview, 2003)

  4. The Spectrum Infrared Soft x-rays Visible light and near-ultraviolet Primarily gamma rays extended to hard x-rays Image: (Great Observatories, 2003)

  5. Launch (Fast Facts, 2012) image: (Launch, 2003)

  6. Why in Space? • Outside the Earth’s Atmosphere • Atmosphere is opaque at infrared wavelengths • => long exposure time • => greatly reduces ability to detect faint objects • Earth trailing, heliocentric orbits • Keeps the observatory far away from the Earth’s heat • Lets nature cool the observatory, saving liquid helium • Wider view of the sky • View is only limited by the Sun, instead of the Sun and Earth • Can observe in the “day” :D (Spitzer Science Center, 2012)

  7. Telescope • Ritchey-Chrétien design • Weighs less than 50kg • Made almost purely out of beryllium (except for the mirror) • Low heat capacity at low temperature • Telescope is attached to the cryostat to keep it very cold (Spitzer Space Center, 2012) Image: (Telescope, 2012; Cryostat, 2012; MIP, 2012)

  8. Telescope Specs (Spitzer Space Center, 2012) Image: (Spitzer, 2003)

  9. Instruments Image: (Instruments, 2012)

  10. Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) • Imaging camera designed to detect light at near- & mid-infrared wavelengths • 4 channel camera -> it has 4 detectors, each measuring light simultaneously at the wavelengths • 3.6 microns • 4.5 microns • 5.8 microns • 8.0 microns • FOV : 5.2’x5.2’ • Angular resolution : ~ 2’’ (IRAC Instruments and Instrument Support team, 2012)

  11. ESO’s VISTA camera in the infrared (Chile) (ESO, VISTA, Emerson, J. 2012)

  12. ESO’s WFI 2.2m telescope in visible light (Chile) DSS coloured image (32.1’x30.36’) (ESO, 2009) (Digital Sky Survey)

  13. Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) • Provides both high and low spectroscopy at mid-infrared range • 4-40 microns • The spectrograph picks up light from distant objects and breaks it up into a spectrum • Useful for determining the elements and molecules that make up an object • Has four different modules • Long-wavelength, high-resolution (18.7-37.2 microns) • FOV: 11.1”x22.3” • Resolution: ~ 600 • Short-wavelength, low-resolution (5.12-14.29 microns) • FOV: 3.6”-3.7”x57” • Resolution: 60-127 • Long-wavelength, low-resolution (13.90-39.90 microns) • FOV: 13.9”x39.90” • Resolution: 57-126 • Short-wavelength, high-resolution (9.89-19.51microns) • FOV: 4.7”x11.3” • Resolution: ~600 (IRS Instrument Handbook, 2012)

  14. Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) • Imaging Camera in the far infrared wavelengths • Capable of simple low resolution spectroscopy • 55-95 microns (Rieke G H, Young E T, Engelbracht C W, et al., 2004) (MIPS Instruments and MIPS Instrument Support Team, 2011)

  15. (CDS, Coloured Digital Sky Survey)

  16. Project Proposal • In order to apply for Spitzer time, proposers are required to submit three items in their proposal BEFORE THE DEADLINE: • Cover sheet information • Scientific and technical justification (template provided) • Astronomical Observation Requests (AORs template) • How a proposal gets chosen: • Peer reviewed by topical science panels and a Time Allocation Committee (TAC) that uses a set evaluation criteria (Rated and Ranked) • The Spitzer Space Center director makes the final decision (IPAC, Caltech, 2000)

  17. Spitzer’s Specialties • Its unprecedented infrared sensitivity allowed astronomers to capture the “old, cold, and dirty” • The oldest, coldest, and most dust obscure objects and processes in the universe • Low-temperature objects • Aids in the search for planetary systems in the making • Cornerstone of NASA’s Origins Program (Spitzer Space Center, 2012)

  18. Survey • GLIMPSE (the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire) • Survey spanning 300° of the inner Milky Way galaxy • 444000 images at 4 separate wavelengths using the IRAC • MIPSGAL (Micron Survey of the Intergalactic Disk with MIPS) • Similar survey covering 278° of the galactic disk at longer wavelengths (NASA, IRAC, SSC. 2010) (Bressert, E, IPAC, SSC, 2004)

  19. Spitzer Highlights • Exoplanet detection, the Hot Jupiters • 2007, the SST captured the 1st light from exoplanets • Even enough light to identify the molecules in their atmosphere • Discovered the “missing universe” • The missing population of hungry black holes known as quasars • Largest Milky Way image (GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL) • Stitched together with 800,000 images in Infrared (Spitzer Space Center, 2012)

  20. Interesting Images (NASA, JPL-Caltech, 2011)

  21. Fun Facts • The Spitzer ran out of liquid helium on May 15, 2009 • Only IRAC instrument is functional • Spitzer Warm Mission • The only one of the Great Observatories not launched by the Space Shuttle • The naming of the telescope was done by a contest given out to the general public • Named after Lyman Spitzer, theoretical physicist and astronomer • Developed the idea of telescopes in spaaaaace (Spitzer Space Center, 2012)

  22. Resources The CDS portal. 2012. http://cdsportal.u-strasbg.fr/ IRS instrument handbook. 2012. http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/SPITZER/docs/irs/ Bressert, E, IPAC, SSC. MIPSGAL. http://mipsgal.ipac.caltech.edu/ ESO, VISTA, Emerson, J. 2012. VISTA`s look at the helix nebula. http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1205a/ IPAC C. 2000. Calls for proposals. http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/SPITZER/docs/spitzermission/observingprograms/proposalcycles/ IRAC Instrument and Instrument Support Teams. 2011. IRAC instrument handbook. http://ssc.spitzer.caltech.edu/ Marengo M. 2008. The spitzer space telescope and IRAC. https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~mmarengo/me/irac.html Marengo M. 2008. The spitzer space telescope and IRAC. https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~mmarengo/me/irac.html MIPS Instrument and MIPS Instrument Support Teams. 2011. MIPS instrument handbook. http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/SPITZER/docs/mips/mipsinstrumenthandbook/ NASA, ESA, CXC, JPL, Caltech and STScI. 2009. Spiral galaxy M101. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1984-ssc2009-03a-NASA-s-Great-Observatories-Celebrate-the-International-Year-of-Astronomy

  23. NASA I, SSC. 2003. GLIMPSE. http://www.astro.wisc.edu/sirtf/ NASA J. 2011. Stars gather in downtown milky-way. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3560-sig11-003-Stars-Gather-in-Downtown-Milky-Way NASA J, Harvard-Smithsonian CFA. 2012. Goings on around star forming town. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/4879-ssc2012-02b-Goings-On-Around-Star-forming-Towns NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hora, J (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA). 2006. The infrared helix. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/1531-ssc2006-01a-The-Infrared-Helix NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt R (SSC). 2003. Dust cover. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3063-dust_cover-Artist-s-Conception-of-Spitzer-Ejecting-its-Dust-Cover NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt R (SSC). 2003. SIRTF departure. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3078-SIRTF_departure-Spitzer-Departing-the-Earth-Soon-After-Launch NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt, R (SSC). 2003. Spitzer space telescope and earth. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3063-dust_cover-Artist-s-Conception-of-Spitzer-Ejecting-its-Dust-Cover NASA, JPL-Caltech, Hurt, R (SSC). 2003. Spitzer space telescope and earth. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3078-SIRTF_departure-Spitzer-Departing-the-Earth-Soon-After-Launch NASA, JPL-Caltech, Teixeira, P S. 2005. NGC2264. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/2412-sig05-028-Stellar-Snowflake-Cluster NASA/JPL-Caltech/K. Gordon (University of Arizona) & S. Willner (CfA), N.A. Sharp (NOAO/AURA/NSF). 2009. Spiral galaxy M81. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/image_archive/2005/40/lores.jpg Rieke G H, Young E T, Engelbracht C W, et al. 2004. THE MULTIBAND IMAGING PHOTOMETER FOR SPITZER (MIPS). ASTRON ASTROPHYS SUP. 154 : 25-9 Rieke G H, Young E T, Engelbracht C W, et al. 2004. The multiband imaging photometer for spitzer (MIPS). ASTRON ASTROPHYS SUP. 154 : 24-9 Ryba J. 2008. NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/science_faq.html Spitzer Science Center. 2012. Mission overview. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/mission/32-Mission-Overview Spitzer Science Center. 2012. Spitzer space telescope. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/ X-ray: NASA/UMass/Q.D.Wang et al., Optical: NASA/STScI/AURA/Hubble Heritage, Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. AZ/R.Kennicutt/SINGS Team. 2009. Sombrero galaxy: A great observatories view. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2007/sombrero/

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