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The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations

The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations. Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network. Master thesis defense Remko Arts. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations. “ Lekenpraatje ”.

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The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations

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  1. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network Master thesis defense Remko Arts

  2. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations “Lekenpraatje” Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network Master thesis defense Remko Arts

  3. How do informal contacts impact the communication efficiency of a hierarchical organizational communication structure?

  4. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Informal contacts

  5. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  6. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  7. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  8. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency What is a hierarchical organization?

  9. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  10. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  11. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  12. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency Team clustering Information quality Team specialization Availability

  13. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency Team members are clustered

  14. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency What are informal contacts?

  15. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency ARE ABOUT : COFFEE

  16. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Impact on communication

  17. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  18. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency Network reach

  19. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency What is Communication efficiency?

  20. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency Something we Measure

  21. Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency Team Clustering Network reach

  22. 3 Components: Informal contacts Hierarchy Efficiency Team Clustering Network reach

  23. Modeling But how?

  24. Previously: empirical

  25. Modeling

  26. Modeling But how Exactly?

  27. Scientific papers Aral, S., Brynjolfsson, E., & Van Alstyne, M. (2007). Productivity effects of information diffusion in network. Preliminary draft version, MIT Sloan School of Management. Barabási, A.-L. (1999). Diameter of the world-wide web. Nature, 401, 130-131. Bian, Y. (1997). Bringing strong ties back in: Indirect ties, network bridges, and job searches in China. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 366-385. Brzozowski, M. (2011). Who should I follow?: Recommending people in directed social networks. Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Retrieved November 20, 2011 from http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2867 Burt, R. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. Collins, R. (1998). The sociology of philosophies: A précis. Management Communication Quarterly, 19, 653-660. Cormen, T., Leiserson, C., Rivest, R., & Stein, C., (2001). 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On the power-law relationships of the internet topology. Computer Communications Review, 29, 251-262. Fell, D., & Wagner, A. (2001). The small world of metabolism. Nature, 18, 1121-1122. Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 6, 1360-1380. Granovetter, M. (1983) The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory. 1, 201–233. Hansen, M. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82-111. Holland, P., & Leinhardt, S. (1971). Transitivity in structural models of small groups. Comparative Group Studies, 2, 107-124. Jeong, H., Tombor, B., Albert, R., Oltvai, Z., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature, 407, 651-654. Holland, P.W. & Leinhardt, S. (1971). Transitivity in structural models of small groups. Comparative Group Studies, 2, 107-124. Jalili, M. (2011).Synchronizability of dynamical scale-free networks subject to random errors. Physica A, 390, 4588-4595. John, A. & Seligmann, D. (2006). Collaborative tagging and expertise in the enterprise. Edinburgh, UK: Unpublished. Retrieved November 20, 2011 from http://wwwiti.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/iti_db/lehre/Seminar%20Virtual%20Engineering/Paper/folksonomy2.pdf Krackhardt, D., (1992). The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in organizations. In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and Organizations, 216-239. Boston, M, Harvard Business School Press. Krackhardt D., & Hanson, R. (1993). Informal Networks: The company behind the chart. Harvard Business Review. 71(4), 104-111. McMillan, E. (2002). Considering organisation structure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective. In G. Frizzelle & H. Richards, (Eds.) Tackling industrial complexity: The ideas that make a difference. Institute of Manufacturing, University of Cambridge. Milgram, S. (1967). 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(Ed.), Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1172-1177). San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. Watts, D. (1999). Networks, dynamics, and the small-world. American Journal of Sociology, 105(2), 493-527. Watts, D. & Strogatz, S., (1998). Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature, 393, 440-442. Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Retrieved Nov 20, 2010 from: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Small Worlds model. Retrieved Nov 20, 2010 from: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/SmallWorlds. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Wu, L., Waber, B., Aral, S., Brynjolfsson, E., & Pentland, A. (2008). Mining face-to-face interaction networks using sociometric badges: Predicting productivity in an IT configuration task. Draft. Retrieved on September 20, 2012 from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1130251 +/- 40 scientific papers

  28. Watts & Strogatz (1998) Watts, D. & Strogatz, S., (1998). Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature, 393, 440-442.

  29. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network Master thesis defense Remko Arts

  30. Watts & Strogatz (1998) X

  31. Watts & Strogatz (1998) Clustering coefficient Characteristic path length Team Clustering Network reach

  32. Clustering and Ch. Path Length High Clustering coefficient Short Characteristic path length C / L

  33. Watts & Strogatz (1998)

  34. Small-worldliness Small-worldliness SW = C / L

  35. Watts & Strogatz vs Remko Watts & Strogatz Remko • Regular network (ring) • Randomness • Efficiency • High Clustering • + • Short characteristic path length • = • High small-worldliness • Hierarchical network • Informal contacts • Communication efficiency • Tight teams • + • Great network • reach • = • Efficient communication

  36. Research question #1 ANSWERED How should the effect of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations be modeled?

  37. NetLogo (Wilensky, 1999) +/- 15 pages of code

  38. Exp. #1: Watts & Strogatz REPRODUCED

  39. NetLogo Watts & Strogatz rep. SW peak

  40. Research question #2 Does the efficiency of organizational communication networks change when informal connections are formed?

  41. NetLogo hierarchy

  42. Exp. #2: Hierarchy

  43. Exp. #2: Hierarchy No SW peak

  44. Research question #3 Do informal connections affect different organizational communication structures equally?

  45. Exp. #3: Hierarchy depth (Exp. # 4 in thesis) Shallow: 2 layers Deep: 8 layers

  46. Exp. #3: Hierarchy depth (Exp. # 4 in thesis) Shallow: 2 layers Deep: 8 layers SW No SW

  47. Conclusions What have we Learned?

  48. Thesis The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

  49. Problem statement How do informal contacts impact the communication efficiency of a hierarchical organizational communication structure?

  50. Conclusions The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations Hierarchical organizations Informal contacts Communication efficiency

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