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PRE-DYNASTIC PERIOD

PRE-DYNASTIC PERIOD. Not a unified state Independent city-states cooperating with other for economic ends. Short, dark, long-headed people w ith straight black hair. Progress: Tools, weapons and ornaments from copper and gold. Other achievements: development of an efficient

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PRE-DYNASTIC PERIOD

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  1. PRE-DYNASTIC PERIOD Not a unified state Independent city-states cooperating with other for economic ends • Short, dark, long-headed people • with straight black hair • Progress: Tools, weapons and • ornaments from copper and gold • Other achievements: • development of an efficient • system of irrigation • the weaving of a superior quality • of linen cloth.

  2. OLD KINGDOM • About 3150 BCE: • unification under Menes (known as the founder • of the First Dynasty) • Nearer a theocracy than autocracy: the king was the vicar of god. • He was forbidden to marry anyone outside of his immediate family • For the Pharaoh’s son to come to the throne, • he’d have to marry his own sister or half sister

  3. OLD KINGDOM Egyptians of the Old Kingdom • Work out their own • destinies • Let other people alone Land was sacred: • Owned by the gods • Ruled by the Pharaohs • Farmed by the peasants and slaves

  4. MIDDLE KINGDOM(2100 – 1788bCe) Enjoyed privileges reserved for the few (The first democratic kingdom in history) • Population • Era of internal chaos and foreign invasion: Invaded by the Hyksos • Familiarized the Egyptians with new • methods of warfare • Introduced the horse and chariot into Egypt Profound effects

  5. EGYPTIAN THEOCRACY Religion Dominant role • Political power was linked with spiritual power and superhuman right. • The Pharaoh was considered to be the son of Aten • Hybrid symbol of superhuman • power and authority Pharaoh Khafre

  6. Religion The body will be revivified if it were still in existence Hereafter Mummification Wealthy men left food and other essentials. More mature religion The deceased was required to declare his innocence of 44 sins, including death, murder and adultery 3 stages 2. He was the made to asses his virtues: Satisfy the needs of the gods, and that he had given “bread to the hungry, water to the thirsty, clothing to the naked and ferry to him who was without a boat” 3. The heart represented the conscience, and it was weighed in a balance against a feather the symbol of truth.

  7. Venerated as the living representative of the sun god. Pharaoh • Their lives would join to govern Egypt eternally • Ten-week embalming procedure and the wrapped in a fine linen Pyramids • Technological wonders • Symbols • Builders: Egyptians • Intended as homes for the dead • Tut-ankh-amen (his grave escaped vandalism)

  8. After the establishment of the Empire (18th, 19th and 20th dynasties) religion underwent a serious debasement Superstition and magic gained the ascendancy Hyksos Increased power of the priests Inaugurated the practice of selling magical charms Fruitless attempts to correct these abuses Effective in preventing the heart from betraying the deceased AMENHOTEP IV Drove the priests from the temples AKHENATEN HIS REFORM DIED WITH HIM EGYPT’S CONSERVATIVE PRIESTS AND NOBLES RETURNED THE POLYTHEISM OF THEIR FOREBEARS

  9. BOOK PAGE 55 WHICH OF ATEN’S POWERS ARE GLORIFIED IN THIS HYMN?

  10. Achievements • Doctrine of natural cause and effect. • Conception of an eternal universe. • Astronomers and mathematicians: Perfected a solar calendar, mapped the heavens, identified the principal fixed stars and achieved some success in determining accurately the positions of stellar bodies • Laid the foundations of arithmetic and geometry Invented the decimal system, but had no symbol for zero.

  11. Social Order Why do we say the social organization resembled a pyramid? Draw your conclusions. What was the role of women in Egypt? Compare it to that of Hebrew and Sumerian women.

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