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Chapter 2 Tourism. After Reading and Studying This Chapter, You Should Be Able to:. Define tourism Outline the important international and domestic tourism organizations Describe the economic impact of tourism Identify promoters of tourism List reasons why people travel
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After Reading and Studying This Chapter, You Should Be Able to: • Define tourism • Outline the important international and domestic tourism organizations • Describe the economic impact of tourism • Identify promoters of tourism • List reasons why people travel • Describe the sociocultural impact of tourism • Describe ecotourism
Characteristics • Year-round economic driver • Accounts for 10.2% of world GDP • Employer of 200 million people or 7.8% of the global workforce • Spending on tourism is $72.3 billion • Leading producer of tax revenues
Tourism Offers Greatest Global Employment Prospects • Trend factors • The opening of borders despite security concerns • An increase in disposable income and vacations • Cheaper and more exclusive flights • An increase in the number of people with time and money to travel • More people with the urge to travel
The World Tourism Organization States: “Tourismcomprises the activities of people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.”
Tourism Can Be Categorized by the Following Factors: • Geography • Ownership • Function • Industry • Motive
Airlines • Change occurred in 1978 • Purpose is to allow a free market of competition (fare structures) • Change in companies and the way airlines are doing business
Changes Seen Since September 11, 2001 • Business travelers spend less • Airlines’ fuel costs, pensions and security costs are on the rise • Major airlines are laying off employees • Delivery of new jets is delayed • Closing hubs, reservation and maintenance centers to cut costs
The Hub-and-Spoke System • Enables passengers to travel from one smaller city via another smaller city via a hub • Hubs are the centers for connections around the world • Benefits • Airlines can service cities at a lower cost • Airlines can maximize passenger loads from small cities, thereby saving fuel
Cruise Ships • A floating resort • 8.2 million passengers vacationed on a ship in 2003 alone • Most cruise ships sail under foreign flags • Lower labor cost • US ships are not permitted to operate casino-style gambling • Lower construction costs
World and Domestic Organizations • World Tourism Organization • International Air Transportation Organization • International Civil Aviation Organization • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development • Pacific Asia Travel Association • Travel Industry of America • World Travel and Tourism Council
Economic Impact of Tourism • International travelers spend about $72.3 billion on travel-related expenses in the US annually • 20.8 million people are directly employed in the industry • Travel generates $95.6 billion yearly in tax receipts • Approximately 40 million international travelers visit the US each year
Multiplier Effect • New money spent by tourists is then re-spent by hotels and restaurants in the community for goods and services • Leakage occurs when money must be spent outside the community for goods unavailable within the community
Travel Agencies • Serve as a middle person • Agents use computer reservation systems • Make money on commissions charged to hotels and car rental bookings • Charge clients a fee for their services • What does the future hold for travel promoters?
Corporate Managers • Work within a large corporation • Can still work with travel agencies • Can also be the “meeting planner”
Wholesalers • Consolidated services • Airlines • Other transportation carriers • Ground service suppliers • Tours • Sold to the public
National Travel Offices • National Offices • US now has an NTO • Private organization • Examples of other NTO’s • Canada • Germany • Australia
Destination Management Companies • Service organizations • Meet the needs of their clients • They sell destinations • Meeting planners • Incentive companies
Reasons People Travel • To experience new and different surroundings • To experience other cultures • To rest and relax • To visit friends and family • To view, or participate in, sporting/recreational activities
Reasons for Anticipated Increase in Tourism • Longer life span • Flexible working hours • Early retirement • Greater ease of travel • Tendency to take shorter, more frequent trips • Increase in standard of living
Appeal of Travel • Scenic beauty • Pleasant attitudes of locals • Suitable accommodations • Rest and relaxation • Airfare cost • Historic and cultural interests • Cuisine • Water sports • Entertainment • Shopping facilities • Sports
Trends in Business Travel • Companies are requiring employees to take the lowest reasonable airfare • 37% of employees stay over a Saturday night when it will reduce the airfare • 77% impose a size limit on rental cars, up from 70% • 14% regularly make employees stay in economy hotels such as Hampton Inn or Courtyard by Marriott
Social and Cultural Impact of Tourism • Tourism pollution • Cultural awareness • Higher levels of employment
Ecotourism • Buzzword • Seeks to minimize the impact of tourism • Natural environment and native cultures
Trends in Tourism • Ecotourism • Number of tourist arrivals will continue to increase • Governments will continue to recognize importance of tourism • Increase in number of bi-lateral treaties for visas and travel opportunity.
More Trends • Internet booking will increase • Technology will continue to advance • Marketing partnerships and corporate alliances will continue to improve • Ticket-less air travel will become commonplace • Managing destinations has become a challenge • Increase in number of “boutique” airlines • Increase in use of automatic airport check-ins
Even More Trends… • Continued expansion in the cruise industry • More alternate cruises • Increased concern for health and safety of travel and tourism • Increase in “nature” tourism Royal Caribbean International's newest ship , Oasis of the Seas is the world's largest, accommodates 5,400 guests and weighs 220,000 gross registered tons.
