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Term Co-occurrence Analysis as an Interface to Digital Libraries

This paper discusses the implementation of Term Co-occurrence Analysis (TCA) as a vital interface tool for digital libraries. The authors present methodologies on how to store and retrieve information efficiently, emphasizing the importance of user-defined terms and visual information retrieval interfaces. They explore the significance of co-occurring terms and their associations through examples, demonstrating how TCA can facilitate text mining and enhance user experience. Future plans for user studies and interactive retrieval systems are also addressed.

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Term Co-occurrence Analysis as an Interface to Digital Libraries

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  1. Term Co-occurrence Analysis as an Interface to Digital Libraries Jan W. Buzydlowski Howard D. White Xia Lin College of Information Science and Technology Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

  2. Digital Library Research • First Wave • How to store it • Next Wave • How to retrieve it (IR) • Text Mining • Visual Information Retrieval Interface (VIRI) • Term Co-occurrence Analysis (TCA) • Co-occurrence vs. lexical associations • Maps vs. lists

  3. Term Definition • Unit of Analysis • Words • Documents • Authors • Journals • Section of Focus • Abstract/Text • Title • Bibliography • Keywords

  4. Words in Title Term Co-occurrence Analysis Interface Digital Library Authors in Bibliography Salton-G Chen-C White-HD Ding-Y Cleveland-W McCain-K Lin-X Schvaneveldt-R Kamada-T Fruchterman-T Example

  5. Term Co-occurrence Methodology • User determines which terms are of interest • Via a seed term • From a pre-defined list • The system returns the pair-wise co-occurrence counts of the terms over the collection of records

  6. Example • Unit: Author; Section: Bibliography • User Supplied List: Plato, Aristotle, Smith, Brown • For a given data set (N = 4 unique terms) • Article 1: Plato, Aristotle, Smith, … • Article 2: Plato, Smith, … • Article 3: Plato, Aristotle, Smith, Brown, … • The following co-citations (C(4,2) = 6) are found • COMBINATIONCOUNTARTICLES • Plato and Smith 3 1, 2, 3 • Plato and Aristotle 2 1, 3 • Plato and Brown 1 3 • Aristotle and Smith 2 1, 3 • Aristotle and Brown 1 3 • Smith and Brown 1 3

  7. Term Co-occurrence Significance • The frequent co-occurrence of term pairs within a set of documents indicates a strong association between those terms, whereas a infrequent count indicates the opposite • The association you would expect is borne out by the frequency • The frequency you compute suggests a level of association • Pain and Management Pain and Obtainment • Plato and Aristotle Plato and Cher • Science and Nature Science and National Tattler • A and B C and D

  8. Term Co-occurrence Uses • Allows a user to get a “foothold” with just one term • One seed term returns many other related terms • Allows a user to get a “overview” with user-supplied/system-supplied terms • Co-occurrence counts with visualization

  9. Seeding • User types in • One term, e.g., Plato • Boolean expression, e.g., Plato AND Brown • System supplies top n terms, in ranked order of frequency of co-occurrence with the initial term

  10. Example • For Plato seed: • ARISTOTLE • PLUTARCH • CICERO • HOMER • BIBLE • EURIPIDES • ARISTOPHANES • XENOPHON • AUGUSTINE • HERODOTUS • KANT-I • AESCHYLUS • SOPHOCLES • THUCYDIDES • OVID • HESIOD • DIOGENES-LAERTI • HEIDEGGER-M • DERRIDA-J • PINDAR • NIETZSCHE-F • HEGEL-GWF • VERGIL • AQUINAS-T

  11. Need for Visualization • Given a list of user- / system-supplied terms • Find the frequency of co-occurrence of each pair-wise combination of terms • Plato AND Aristotle = 1,920 • Plato AND Plutarch = 380, • … • Too many numbers to take in at once • C(25, 2) = (25 * 24)/ 2 = 300 pairs • Three major visualization techniques • Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) • Self-Organizing (Kohonen) Maps (SOMs) • PathFinder Networks (PFNETs)

  12. P Arabie JH Ward JC Gower M Wish RN Shepard RR Sokal JB Kruskal SC Johnson PHA Sneath JD Carroll PE Green JA Hartigan HA Skinner VE McGee RK Blashfield White’s MDS map of 15 co-cited classificationists, ca. 1990

  13. White’s PFNet of co-cited authors in Biblical and literary hermeneutics, 1988-1997

  14. Three tiered User interface Server Database Real-time and interactive Significant data sources ISI AHCI MedLine Live interface for retrieval Our System

  15. User Interface - Seed

  16. User Interface – SOM

  17. Interface - PFNET

  18. Interface - Visual Information Retrieval Interface (VIRI)

  19. User Interface IV

  20. Database Interface • API • String [ ] findRel( String, int ) • Int [ ] findOcc( String [ ] ) • Implemented on: • BRS • API via a wrapper • Oracle • API via JDBC • Noah • Specialized co-occurrence database • API via JNI

  21. Future Plans • User Study • Preference • Type of map, etc. • Cognitive map • How well does the map match experts’ mental models • Larger datasets • Additional data sources

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